Heterogeneous Catalytic Conversions with Hydrous SnO<sub>2</sub>

Waghoo, Gulzar; Jayaram, Radha V.; Joshi, M. V.

doi:10.1080/00397919908085794

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Linear and aromatic alcohols were tested in a temperature range of 170−210 °C. All reactions were completely selective for transesterification . In particular, this catalyst presented an appreciable activity for reactions involving n -butyl alcohol, n -octyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol.…”

Section: Heterogeneous Acid Catalysismentioning

confidence: 95%

Synthesis of Biodiesel via Acid Catalysis

Lotero

Liu

López

et al. 2005

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

1,484

810

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Biodiesel is synthesized via the transesterification of lipid feedstocks with low molecular weight alcohols. Currently, alkaline bases are used to catalyze the reaction. These catalysts require anhydrous conditions and feedstocks with low levels of free fatty acids (FFAs). Inexpensive feedstocks containing high levels of FFAs cannot be directly used with the base catalysts currently employed. Strong liquid acid catalysts are less sensitive to FFAs and can simultaneously conduct esterification and transesterification. However, they are slower and necessitate higher reaction temperatures. Nonetheless, acid-catalyzed processes could produce biodiesel from low-cost feedstocks, lowering production costs. Better yet, if solid acid catalysts could replace liquid acids, the corrosion and environmental problems associated with them could be avoided and product purification protocols reduced, significantly simplifying biodiesel production and reducing cost. This article reviews some of the research related to biodiesel production using acid catalysts, including solid acids.

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Section: Heterogeneous Acid Catalysismentioning

confidence: 95%

Synthesis of Biodiesel via Acid Catalysis

Lotero

Liu

López

et al. 2005

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

1,484

810

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The acylation of amines is of particular interest as the formation of amides from esters is an exceedingly useful reaction typically carried out under forcing conditions with highly basic catalysts. [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67] Maggi had previously demonstrated that TBD catalyzes the formation of ureas from carbonates and primary amines, 68,69 and while this work was ongoing, Mioskowski reported the aminolyis of esters with amines to form amides under solvent-free conditions. 70 In this article, we report kinetic studies on the acylation of amines by esters which strongly implicate a nucleophilic mechanism for the conversion of esters to amides in the presence of TBD.…”

Section: Jocarticlementioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclic Guanidine Organic Catalysts: What Is Magic About Triazabicyclodecene?

et al. 2009

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The bicyclic guanidine 1,5,7- triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) is an effective organocatalyst for the formation of amides from esters and primary amines. Mechanistic and kinetic investigations support a nucleophilic mechanism where TBD reacts reversibly with esters to generate an acyl-TBD intermediate that acylates amines to generate the amides. Comparative investigations of the analogous bicyclic guanidine 1,4,6-triazabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-4-ene (TBO) reveal it to be a much less active acylation catalyst than TBD. Theoretical and mechanistic studies imply that the higher reactivity of TBD is a consequence of both its higher basicity and nucleophilicity than TBO as well as the high reactivity of the acyl-TBD intermediate, which is sterically prevented from adopting a planar amide structure.

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“…In a related study, Waghoo et al 71 reported on the transesterification of ethyl acetate with several alcohols over hydrous tin oxide to obtain larger esters. Linear and aromatic alcohols were tested in a temperature range of 170-210 o C. All reactions were completely reflective for transesterification.…”

Section: Acid-catalyzed Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalysis in Biodiesel Production by Transesterification Processes‐An Insight

Ejikeme

Anyaogu

Ejikeme

et al. 2009

Journal of Chemistry

101

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Biodiesel is the mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable lipid feedstock, such as vegetable oils and animal fats, for use in compression ignition (diesel) engines. The conversion of component triglycerides in oils to simple alkyl esters with short chain alcohols like methanol and ethanol amongst others is achieved mainly by transesterification. The transesterification reaction, a reversible process proceeds appreciably by the addition of catalysts, which can be acidic, basic or organic in nature, usually in molar excess of alcohol. The economy of the process depends on the type and quantity of catalyst used among other factors. The catalyst can be homogeneous or heterogeneous depending on whether it is in the same or different phase with the reactants; oils and alcohols. This paper attempts to give an insight into some of the various types of catalysts that have been used to effect the transesterification of vegetable, waste and animal oils in biodiesel production.

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Heterogeneous Catalytic Conversions with Hydrous SnO₂

Cited by 16 publications

References 7 publications

Synthesis of Biodiesel via Acid Catalysis

Synthesis of Biodiesel via Acid Catalysis

Cyclic Guanidine Organic Catalysts: What Is Magic About Triazabicyclodecene?

Catalysis in Biodiesel Production by Transesterification Processes‐An Insight

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Heterogeneous Catalytic Conversions with Hydrous SnO2

Cited by 16 publications

References 7 publications

Synthesis of Biodiesel via Acid Catalysis

Synthesis of Biodiesel via Acid Catalysis

Cyclic Guanidine Organic Catalysts: What Is Magic About Triazabicyclodecene?

Catalysis in Biodiesel Production by Transesterification Processes‐An Insight

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Heterogeneous Catalytic Conversions with Hydrous SnO₂