Catalysis in Biodiesel Production by Transesterification Processes‐An Insight

Ejikeme, Paul M.; Anyaogu, Ikechukwu D.; Ejikeme, C. L.; Nwafor, N. P.; Egbuonu, Anthony Cemaluk C.; Ukogu, Kingsley; Ibemesi, J. A.

doi:10.1155/2010/689051

Cited by 100 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…More over, reaction would happen to the reactive element and less reactive and then continued up to the element which was not reactive at all. The decrease of oxides was due to reaction occured inside the acid (Ejikeme, 2013).The result obtained true activation of chloride acid could be seen at (Table-2). It was known that the level of SiO2 was 37.8%, Al2O3 = 4.4% and ratio of SiO2 and Al2O3 was 8.6.This might cause the quantity of four was increasing If its surface was enlarged, the level of acidity would increase as an effect of structure changes (Alendaroglu, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…The mass ratio of bentonite and the volume of acid solution is 1:10 (w/v) (Foleto, 2011). Acid can create new pore so that it will increase the acidity of its surface by cation substitution such as Al 3+ , Fe 3+ and Ca 2+ with H + (Ejikeme, 2013). The absorption power of color substance/essence of bleaching earth is because the existence of Al ion available in absorbent surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activation oF Trass Rock aS Bleaching Palm Oil (CPO)

Widodo

Kurniati

2016

MATEC Web of Conferences

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Trass rock is a rock originating from volcanic eruption materials which has experienced weathering. It has the similar composition as bentonite. Therefore, trass rock can also be used as raw material as a bleaching earth to substitute bentonite. In this study, a two-stage process was conducted: to do the activation process of trass rock and stage bleaching process of palm oil (CPO). In activation process, trass rock was performed by using hydrochloric acid, then trass rock was crushed until it could pass of the 200 mesh. After that, the soft rock was weighed and added to the acid solution with the ratio of: 1 : 10 with the concentration of hydrochloric acid solution 5 N and its activation time was 4 hours at the temperature of 105 0 C. Meanwhile, for the bleaching process, at first, oil was treated with degumming and netralization process. Furthermore, oil bleaching process was carried out by adding the activated trass . Then trass was put into the oil when its temperature was reaching up to 186 0 C. Heating was continued until its temperature was reaching up to 198 o C for 45 minutes. In this activation process, it was obtained that the content of SiO2 was 37.8%, Al2O3 of 4.4% and the ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 is 8.6. In the bleaching process of palm oil (CPO), the best condition of trass addition was 4% of the oil weight, and its bleaching time was 45 minutes, the red color intensity obtained was 6.9 and yellow was 6.1, with FFA as big as 2.13% and peroxide value was 5.45 meq/kg.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation oF Trass Rock aS Bleaching Palm Oil (CPO)

Widodo

Kurniati

2016

MATEC Web of Conferences

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“…Dry potassium hydroxide was reacted with the bioethanol to produce the ethoxide ions mixture in a ratio of 1:10. The mixture was added to J. curcas L. oil in a ratio of 3:10 ethoxide ion solution from the bioethanol to oil preheated at 65˚C with constant stirring using a mechanical stirrer at 200 rpm for two hours to produce fatty acid ethyl ester biofuels [16] [17]. The ethyl esters were then separated from the glycerol by centrifugation using centrifuge Model Neofuge 15R at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes followed by decantation, washing with distilled water and drying.…”

Section: Transesterification Of Jatropha Curcas Oil and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhizoclonium grande Bioethanol in Biofuel Production by Transesterification of Jatropha curcas Oil

Kahindo¹,

Chhabra²,

Ochieng³

et al. 2018

GSC

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There is a need for an alternative sustainable fuel based on renewable sources and efficient carbon dioxide scrubbers. Alkyl esters prepared by transesterification of vegetable oils from various plants have been evaluated. In this work the potential of sustainable macroalgae bioethanol in biofuel production by transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil was assessed. Rhizoclonium grande macroalgae was collected from Shimoni shores in Kwale, Shelly beach in Mombasa, Jamvi la Wageni in Mtongwe Likoni, English point near Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) Mombasa, dried and processed to obtain 5.36% ± 0.355% v/w bioethanol using Aspergilus niger for hydrolysis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for fermentation. J. curcas seeds were collected from contracted farmers of Energy Africa in Shimba hills, Coast region. Oil from the seeds was machine cold pressed and solvent extracted using n-hexane giving 44% -53%v/w yield. The physicochemical properties of the J. curcas oil were investigated. Transesterification of J. curcas oil was carried out using bioethanol from the algae with 63% -70% FAEE yield. Characterisation of the bioethanol and ethyl esters was done using GC-MS. Physicochemical and fuel properties of the biofuel were investigated at Technical University of Mombasa (TUM), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Government Chemist and Kenya Pipeline Laboratories in Mombasa. There was significant difference in physicochemical and fuel properties observed in density, calorific value, kinematic viscosity, pour point and cloud point between the Jatropha oil and Jatropha fatty acid ethyl esters (JAT FAEE) samples. No significant difference observed in the physicochemical and fuel properties between the JAT FAEE and standard biodiesel samples. This was according to statistical analysis of data done

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“…The catalyst can be homogeneous or heterogeneous depending on whether it is in the same or different phase with reactants; oil and alcohols [2]. Homogeneous basic catalyst such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) is widely used in industrial processes.…”

Section: Scheme 1 Transesterification Of Vegetable Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Palm Kernel Shell-Derived Biochar and Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Nuradila

Ghani

Alias³

2017

MJAS

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A promising catalyst based on a biomass pyrolysis by-product, biochar, has been developed to produce biodiesel. A carbonbased solid acid catalysts were prepared by sulfonating pyrolysis char with concentrated sulfuric acids. The catalysts were characterized using thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and surface area analyzer. Prepared catalysts were studied for their ability to catalyze transesterification of vegetable oils. The catalyst sulfonated with the concentrated sulfuric acid demonstrated considerable conversion in free fatty acid esterification. Further investigation of the catalyst was conducted to determine the effect of sulfonation time (1 and 3 hours) and surface area on the transesterification reactions. The surface area of the biochar was increased by chemical treatment using 10M potassium hydroxide through porosity development. Results showed the catalyst with the highest surface area and acid density to have the highest catalytic activity to produce biodiesel from canola oil in the presence of methanol as the reagent. The effects of alcohol to oil (A:O) molar ratio, reaction time and catalyst loading on the esterification reaction catalyzed by the sulfonated biochar were also investigated. Results revealed that more than 90% biodiesel yield was achieved at 15 wt% of catalyst amount, methanol to oil molar ratio was 9:1 and the agitation rate was 700 rpm. As a conclusion, the prepared biochar-based catalyst has a tremendous potential to be used in a process converting a high Free Fatty Acids (FFA) feedstock to biodiesel. Keywords: transesterification, vegetable oil, palm kernel shell, biochar-based catalyst AbstrakPemangkin yang berasaskan pirolisis biomass produk sampingan, biochar, telah dibangunkan untuk penghasilan biodiesel. Pemangkin asid pepejal berasaskan karbon telah dihasilkan daripada sulfonasi pirolisis char dengan asid sulfurik pekat. Pemangkin telah dicirikan menggunakan analisis termogravimetri (TGA), mikroskop imbasan elektron (SEM), spektroskopi infra merah transformasi Fourier (FTIR) dan penganalisa luas permukaan. Pemangkin yang tersedia telah dikaji keupayaannya untuk menjadi pemangkin transesterifikasi minyak sayur-sayuran. Pemangkin sulfonat dengan asid sulfurik pekat menunjukkan penukaran ini boleh dipertimbangkan dalam pengesteran asid lemak bebas. Kajian lanjut terhadap pemangkin telah dijalankan untuk menentukan kesan masa sulfonasi (1 dan 3 jam) dan luas permukaan pada tindak balas transesterifikasi. Luas permukaan biochar telah meningkat melalui rawatan kimia menggunakan 10M kalium hidroksida melalui pembangunan liang. Hasil kajian telah menunjukkan pemangkin dengan luas permukaan dan ketumpatan asid yang paling tinggi mempunyai aktiviti pemangkinan tertinggi bagi pengeluaran biodiesel daripada minyak kanola dengan kehadiran metanol sebagai reagen. Nisbah molar kesan alkohol kepada minyak (A:O), masa tindak balas dan muatan pemangkin keatas tindak balas pengesteran yang dimangkinkan ...

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Catalysis in Biodiesel Production by Transesterification Processes‐An Insight

Cited by 100 publications

References 59 publications

Activation oF Trass Rock aS Bleaching Palm Oil (CPO)

Activation oF Trass Rock aS Bleaching Palm Oil (CPO)

Rhizoclonium grande Bioethanol in Biofuel Production by Transesterification of Jatropha curcas Oil

Palm Kernel Shell-Derived Biochar and Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

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