Heterogeneidade e dinâmicas das fontes de ocupação e renda das famílias rurais nos estados do Nordeste brasileiro

Abstract

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a heterogeneidade e as dinâmicas das fontes de ocupação e renda das famílias rurais dos estados nordestinos durante a Grande Seca que atingiu a região (2012-2015). Para tanto, utilizou-se como referência informações obtidas a partir do processamento dos microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), do IBGE. Em linhas gerais, os dados analisados mostram que, apesar dos impactos da estiagem prolongada, as áreas rurais dos estados do Nordeste não apresentaram decrescimento populacional como em épocas passadas. Esse resultado é explicado, em parte, pela diversificação das fontes de ocupação e renda das famílias rurais, que estão deixando de depender exclusivamente da agropecuária para sobreviver e se tornando cada vez mais pluriativas, não agrícolas ou, simplesmente, convertendo o campo em local de moradia. Tal processo, que apresenta dinâmicas diferenciadas entre os estados da região, tem sido facilitado no período recente pela maior sinergia entre as áreas rurais e urbanas proporcionada pela democratização dos meios de transporte e de comunicação, bem como pela rede de proteção social criada pelas políticas públicas de transferência de renda e de desenvolvimento rural.

Rural development and the expansion of non‑agricultural activities in the Brazilian Amazon

“…These results for the North Region corroborate, to a great extent, previous studies for other Brazilian regions and states (Schneider, 2004;Del Grossi, 2017;Eder et al, 2017;Aquino & Nascimento, 2020a, Aquino & Nascimento, 2020b and comparative studies for the Northeast and South regions (Nascimento & Cardozo, 2007;Nascimento, 2009;Cardoso, 2013). Despite the local specificities, these studies attest to the same increasing trend of rural families engaged in non-agricultural activities and reducing trend for those engaged in agricultural activities, showing that the North Region trend would not be isolated nor cyclical.…”

“…The reality of a strong dependence on non-labor income sources, especially on pensions, is not a peculiarity of rural families in the North Region. In the Northeast, Aquino & Nascimento (2020a) show that pensions were responsible for 55.7% and 22.0% of the total income of selfemployed and employee agricultural households. These percentages are almost double than those observed in the Brazilian North.…”

“…A series of studies have highlighted the importance of non-agricultural activities for the dynamization of the most varied rural spaces (Del Grossi, 1999;Mattei, 1999;Buainain & Dedecca, 2008;Del Grossi & Graziano da Silva, 2006;Balsadi, 2008;Nascimento, 2008;Maia & Sakamoto, 2014;Escher et al, 2014;Laurenti, 2014;Aquino & Nascimento, 2015;Mattei, 2015;Balsadi & Del Grossi, 2018;Aquino & Nascimento, 2020a;Aquino & Nascimento, 2020b). The literature points out the income diversification and the containment of the rural exodus as the main advantages of the new rural configuration, especially for the segment of undercapitalized farmers who have difficulties integrating themselves into the various agroindustrial chains.…”

Food Security and coexistence with the semiarid zone in areas affected by drought in the backlands of Pernambuco

“…Regarding agricultural activities, the highest proportion of FI among food-producing families stands out, however, with moderate and severe levels of insecurity, the highest proportions were among households without food production. The high prevalence of insecurity in these families allows us to emphasize that producing food does not mean that this family does not suffer with FI, especially in a context of a worsening drought with great losses in productive areas of the backlands [4,5]. Despite this, the production of food, especially for self-consumption, may have reduced the intensity of dietary restrictions in the households and communities in which they were developed.…”

“…The Northeastern region was the region of Brazil which was most affected by the drought that started in 2010, getting worse between 2012 and 2015, which presented itself as the most serious water crisis in the last 50 years [4][5][6]. Droughts have historically been linked to hunger in the backlands, however, the food problems in the Brazilian semiarid do not result exclusively from these climatic events and are related to social inequities whose FI manifestations are seen in more vulnerable populations [7][8][9].…”