Heavy Metals Leaching Behaviour Assessment of Palm Oil Clinker

Karim, Mohammad Razaul; Yusoff, Sumiani; Razak, Hashim Abdul; Chowdhury, Faisal I.; Zabed, Hossain M.

doi:10.17576/jsm-2018-4703-12

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…Under normal environmental condition, heavy metals do not leach from solid matrix of POC, because the leaching values of heavy metals are well below the standard limit of risk. With POC acid soluble fraction in the range of 0.0-9.27%, risk assessment code (RAC) analysis by [8] confirms the safe incorporation of POC in cement-based applications because RAC values are <1%. Therefore, there is no potential threat to environment and health safety [8].…”

Section: Risk Assessment and Leaching In Poc Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Heavy metal leaching from waste depends on the matrix's bonding energy and perhaps even the leaching state. In terms of POC, the concentration of heavy metals present depends on the palm oil mill boiler burning condition and geological condition of the location where palm oil tree grew [8]. POC solubility relies on different bonding energy in solid matrix.…”

Section: Risk Assessment and Leaching In Poc Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are mostly presented as solid lightweight materials between the sizes of 2 and 15 cm [7]. POC is made up of inorganic oxides, 3.35% organic carbon and minerals like halite, lysite, eglestonite, elatossite, quartz and cristobalite [8]. Chemical oxides composition of POC highlighted in Table 1 varies according to several factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The produced POC in the boiler is mixed in suspension, moved from the combustion boiler, and deposited in the factory yard [15]. It is a solid waste product of little to no economic benefit that causes pollution of the atmosphere, soil degradation and ground water contamination [8]. In recent times, it is mostly dumped in landfills that not only causes soil pollution but go as far as contaminating ground water [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Palm Oil Clinker as a Waste by-Product: Utilization and Circular Economy Potential

Jagaba¹,

Kutty²,

Hayder³

et al. 2022

Elaeis Guineensis

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Conservation of natural resources to create ecological balance could be significantly improved by substituting them with waste by-products. Palm oil industry operations increases annually, thereby generating huge quantity of waste to be dumped into the landfill. Palm oil clinker (POC) is a solid waste by-product produced in one of the oil palm processing phases. This chapter is designed to highlight the generation, disposal problems, properties and composition of POC. The waste to resource potentials of POC would be greatly discussed in the chapter starting with the application of POC in conventional and geopolymer structural elements such as beams, slabs, columns made of either concrete, mortar or paste for coarse aggregates, sand and cement replacement. Aspects such as performance of POC in wastewater treatment processes, fine aggregate and cement replacement in asphaltic and bituminous mixtures during highway construction, a bio-filler in coatings for steel manufacturing processes and a catalyst during energy generation would also be discussed. Circular economy potentials, risk assessment and leaching behavior during POC utilization would be evaluated. The chapter also discusses the effectiveness of POC in soil stabilization and the effect of POC pretreatment for performance enhancement. Towards an efficient utilization, it is important to carry out technical and economic studies, as well as life cycle assessments, in order to compare all the POC areas of application described in the present review article. POC powder has proven to be pozzolanic with maximum values of 17, 53.7, 0.92, 3.87, 1.46, for CaO, SiO2, SO3, Fe2O3 and Al2O3. Therefore, the present chapter would inspire researchers to find research gaps that will aid the sustainable use of agroindustry wastes. The fundamental knowledge contained in the chapter could also serve as a wake-up call for researchers that will motivate them to explore the high potential of utilizing POC for greater environmental benefits associated with less cost when compared with conventional materials.

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Section: Risk Assessment and Leaching In Poc Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Risk Assessment and Leaching In Poc Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Palm Oil Clinker as a Waste by-Product: Utilization and Circular Economy Potential

Jagaba¹,

Kutty²,

Hayder³

et al. 2022

Elaeis Guineensis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is mostly presented as a solid lightweight material with a size between 2 and 15 cm [ 22 , 23 ]. POC is made up of inorganic oxides, 3.35% organic carbon, and minerals such as halite, lysite, eglestonite, elatossite, quartz, and cristobalite [ 24 ]. The chemical oxide composition of POC, as highlighted in Table 2 , varies according to several factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Literature Review on Waste-to-Resource Potential of Palm Oil Clinker for Sustainable Engineering and Environmental Applications

et al. 2021

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Several agro-waste materials have been utilized for sustainable engineering and environmental application over the past decades, showing different degrees of effectiveness. However, information concerning the wider use of palm oil clinker (POC) and its performance is still lacking. Therefore, as a solid waste byproduct produced in one of the oil palm processing stages, generating a huge quantity of waste mostly dumped into the landfill, the waste-to-resource potential of POC should be thoroughly discussed in a review. Thus, this paper provides a systematic review of the current research articles on the several advances made from 2005 to 2021 regarding palm oil clinker physical properties and performances, with a particular emphasis on their commitments to cost savings during environmental and engineering applications. The review begins by identifying the potential of POC application in conventional and geopolymer structural elements such as beams, slabs, and columns made of concrete, mortar, or paste for coarse aggregates, sand, and cement replacement. Aspects such as performance of POC in wastewater treatment processes, fine aggregate and cement replacement in asphaltic and bituminous mixtures during highway construction, a bio-filler in coatings for steel manufacturing processes, and a catalyst during energy generation are also discussed. This review further describes the effectiveness of POC in soil stabilization and the effect of POC pretreatment for performance enhancement. The present review can inspire researchers to find research gaps that will aid the sustainable use of agroindustry wastes. The fundamental knowledge contained in this review can also serve as a wake-up call for researchers that will motivate them to explore the high potential of utilizing POC for greater environmental benefits associated with less cost when compared with conventional materials.

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Effect of elevated temperatures on compressive strength and microstructure of cement paste containing palm oil clinker powder

Karim

Chowdhury

Zabed

et al. 2018

Construction and Building Materials

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Heavy Metals Leaching Behaviour Assessment of Palm Oil Clinker

Cited by 6 publications

References 30 publications

Palm Oil Clinker as a Waste by-Product: Utilization and Circular Economy Potential

Palm Oil Clinker as a Waste by-Product: Utilization and Circular Economy Potential

A Systematic Literature Review on Waste-to-Resource Potential of Palm Oil Clinker for Sustainable Engineering and Environmental Applications

Effect of elevated temperatures on compressive strength and microstructure of cement paste containing palm oil clinker powder

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