Green and facile method for the recovery of spent Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) based Lithium ion batteries

Pant, Deepak; Dolker, Tenzin

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.039

Cited by 137 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In order to recover the valuable metals from several types of LIBs, measures have been reported involving mechanical processes [15], mechano-chemical processes [16], thermal treatment [17,18], and dissolution processes. Subsequently, chemical processes mainly involve the use of hydrometallurgical operations to carry out the recovery of valuable metals; these include acid leaching [19][20][21], chemical precipitation [22,23], solvent extraction [24,25], ion-exchange [26], and electrochemistry [27]. Thus far, approaches for recycling valuable metals in LIBs mainly use pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Valuable Metals from Lithium-Ion Batteries NMC Cathode Waste Materials by Hydrometallurgical Methods

Chen

2018

Metals

133

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The paper focuses on the improved process of metal recovery from lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathode waste materials by using hydrometallurgical methods. In the acid leaching step, the essential effects of acidity concentration, H 2 O 2 concentration, leaching time, liquid-solid mass ratio, and reaction temperature with the leaching percentage were investigated in detail. The cathode material was leached with 2M H 2 SO 4 and 10 vol. % H 2 O 2 at 70 • C and 300 rpm using a liquid-solid mass ratio of 30 mL/g. In order to complete the recovery process, this paper designs the proper separation process to recover valuable metals. The leach liquor in the recovery process uses Cyanex 272 to first extract Co and Mn to the organic phase. Secondly, Co and Mn are separated by using D2EHPA, and a high purity of Co is obtained. Thirdly, Ni is selectively precipitated by using DMG, and Ni is completely formed as a solid complex. Finally, in the chemical precipitation process, the remaining Li in the leach liquor is recovered as Li 2 CO 3 precipitated by saturated Na 2 CO 3 , and Co, Mn, and Ni are recovered as hydroxides by NaOH. This hydrometallurgical process may provide an effective separation and recovery of valuable metals from LIBs waste cathode materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Valuable Metals from Lithium-Ion Batteries NMC Cathode Waste Materials by Hydrometallurgical Methods

Chen

2018

Metals

133

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“…The process flowchart is shown in Figure 15. Apart from processes discussed herein, other ones are summarized in Table S9 and Table S10 in supplementary Information [196][197][198][199][200][201][202][203][204][205].…”

Section: Organic Acid Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

et al. 2020

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An exponential market growth of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been observed in the past 20 years; approximately 670,000 tons of LIBs have been sold in 2017 alone. This trend will continue owing to the growing interest of consumers for electric vehicles, recent engagement of car manufacturers to produce them, recent developments in energy storage facilities, and commitment of governments for the electrification of transportation. Although some limited recycling processes were developed earlier after the commercialization of LIBs, these are inadequate in the context of sustainable development. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to replace the commonly employed pyrometallurgical recycling method with a less detrimental approach, such as hydrometallurgical, in particular sulfate-based leaching, or direct recycling. Sulfate-based leaching is the only large-scale hydrometallurgical method currently used for recycling LIBs and serves as baseline for several pilot or demonstration projects currently under development. Conversely, most project and processes focus only on the recovery of Ni, Co, Mn, and less Li, and are wasting the iron phosphate originating from lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Although this battery type does not dominate the LIB market, its presence in the waste stream of LIBs causes some technical concerns that affect the profitability of current recycling processes. This review explores the current processes and alternative solutions to pyrometallurgy, including novel selective leaching processes or direct recycling approaches.

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“…As a result, sample NCA-PSS has a stronger carbonate peak compared to NCA-PCP. Based on Figure 1, the co-precipitation of the hydroxide precursor using technical grade starting materials shows no observable oxide impurities, which often occurs during atmospheric co-precipitation of Co in a highly alkaline solution [28]. The oxidation of Co is prevented due to the de-aeration process before the co-precipitation process occurs.…”

Section: Electrochemical Performance Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of LiNi0.85Co0.14Al0.01O2 Cathode Material and its Performance in an NCA/Graphite Full-Battery

et al. 2019

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Nickel-rich cathode material, NCA (85:14:1), is successfully synthesized using two different, simple and economical batch methods, i.e., hydroxide co-precipitation (NCA-CP) and the hydroxides solid state reaction method (NCA-SS), followed by heat treatments. Based on the FTIR spectra, all precursor samples exhibit two functional groups of hydroxide and carbonate. The XRD patterns of NCA-CP and NCA-SS show a hexagonal layered structure (space group: R_3m), with no impurities detected. Based on the SEM images, the micro-sized particles exhibit a sphere-like shape with aggregates. The electrochemical performances of the samples were tested in a 18650-type full-cell battery using artificial graphite as the counter anode at the voltage range of 2.7–4.25 V. All samples have similar characteristics and electrochemical performances that are comparable to the commercial NCA battery, despite going through different synthesis routes. In conclusion, the overall results are considered good and have the potential to be adapted for commercialization.

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Green and facile method for the recovery of spent Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) based Lithium ion batteries

Cited by 137 publications

References 32 publications

Recovery of Valuable Metals from Lithium-Ion Batteries NMC Cathode Waste Materials by Hydrometallurgical Methods

Recovery of Valuable Metals from Lithium-Ion Batteries NMC Cathode Waste Materials by Hydrometallurgical Methods

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

Synthesis of LiNi0.85Co0.14Al0.01O2 Cathode Material and its Performance in an NCA/Graphite Full-Battery

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