Graphene: Synthesis, bio-applications, and properties

Abstract

The properties of graphene, carbon sheets that are only one atom wide, have led researchers and companies to consider its synthesis, properties, and the applications in numerous fields. High-quality graphene is physically powerful, light, nearly transparent, and an exceptional conductor of heat and electricity. Its interactions with other materials and with light and its naturally two-dimensional nature produce unique properties, such as the bipolar transistor effect, ballistic transport of charges, and large quantum oscillations. The following review introduces the many potential applications of graphene.

Nanozyme applications in biology and medicine: an overview

“…Another metal-0base nanoparticle by peroxidase and catalase enzyme mimic, cobalt oxide, catalyze this reaction as follows: [4]. For example, peroxidase-like activity was used for wastewater treatment by cobalt-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Co-g-C 3 N 4 ) materials [82], as catalase activity for sensitive and fast sensor of detection H 2 O 2 .…”

“…CeO 2 nanoparticles, (Ce 3þ , Ce 4þ ), possess many unique properties that have proven in biomedical and catalytic applications. Nanoceria mimics SOD thanks to catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide anions into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen (2O 2 À þ 2 H þ !H 2 O 2 þO 2 ) [1,4]. SOD have an antioxidant ability leading to many biological applications.…”

“…PtNP-apo-ferritin uptake by cells via a ferritin-receptor-mediated process and increased cell viability under stress condition. Compared to ceria nanoparticles, the SOD-like activity of PtNP@apo-ferritin is lower on weight basis [94]. Platinum nanomaterials can mimic catalases and peroxidase [95].…”

Graphene and tricobalt tetraoxide nanoparticles based biosensor for electrochemical glutamate sensing

“…Graphene (GR) is a two dimensional layer of graphite with sp 2 carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice (Abbasi et al 2016). Because of the unique properties including fast electron transfer kinetics, excellent thermal conductivity, large surface area and good biocompatibility, GR and its derivatives have demonstrated attractive application in electrochemical sensing and biosensing (Lim et al 2010, Liu et al 2010, Pumera et al 2010, Zhou et al 2009).…”

A terminal protection system for the detection of adenosine triphosphate via enzyme-assisted signal amplification

“…[28][29][30] Graphene oxide (GO) is one of the most important derivatives of graphene. 31,32 Compared with other organic quenching groups, GO has three outstanding features which can be exploited in further investigations.…”