Graphene reinforced hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of phthalates in water, juice and milk samples by HPLC

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid esters, commonly referred to as phthalate esters, form a group of compounds that are mainly used as plasticizers in polymers. Because phthalate esters are not chemically bound to the plastics, they can be released easily from products and migrate into the food or water that comes into direct contact. Due to their widespread use, they are considered as ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Phthalate esters are regarded as endocrine disrupting compounds by means of their carcinogenic effect. Phthalate esters can be analyzed by gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography, however, their sensitivity and selectivity limit their direct use for determination of phthalates at very low level of concentrations exist in environmental samples with complex matrices. Therefore a sample pretreatment prior to their analysis is necessary. In this review, the historical development and overview of sample preparation methodologies have briefly been discussed and a comprehensive application of these methods in combination with different analytical techniques for preconcentration and determination of phthalate esters in various matrices have been summarized. Finally, a critical comparison of the different approaches in terms of enrichment factors achieved, extraction efficiency, precision, selectivity and simplicity of operation is provided.

Section: Microextraction Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microextraction methods for the determination of phthalate esters in liquid samples: A review

Farajzadeh

Sorouraddin

Mogaddam

2015

“…In the previous study, a graphene‐assisted LPME was reported by Sun et al. for the extraction of phthalates .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene oxide assisted electromembrane extraction with gas chromatography for the determination of methamphetamine as a model analyte in hair and urine samples

Bagheri

Zavareh

Koruni

2016

In the present study, graphene oxide reinforced two-phase electromembrane extraction (EME) coupled with gas chromatography was applied for the determination of methamphetamine as a model analyte in biological samples. The presence of graphene oxide in the hollow fiber wall can increase the effective surface area, interactions with analyte and polarity of support liquid membrane that leads to an enhancement in the analyte migration. To investigate the influence of the presence of graphene oxide in the support liquid membrane on the extraction efficiency, a comparative study was performed between graphene oxide and graphene oxide/EME methods. The extraction parameters such as type of organic solvent, pH of the donor phase, stirring speed, time, voltage, salt addition and the concentration of graphene oxide were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed microextraction technique provided low limit of detection (2.4 ng/mL), high preconcentration factor (195-198) and high relative recovery (95-98.5%). Finally, the method was successfully employed for the determination of methamphetamine in urine and hair samples.

“…SPME is a simple, organic‐solvent‐free and efficient extraction technique, but the number and variety of the commercially available fibers are limited. To overcome these drawbacks, a relatively new sample pretreatment technique called hollow fiber (HF) LPME has attracted considerable attention in analytical chemistry in recent years .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction and enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by ordered mesoporous carbon reinforced hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction

Liu

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2015

Self Cite

A novel microextraction method, ordered mesoporous carbon reinforced hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection, was developed for the determination of some organic pollutants in water samples. Four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (fluorene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene) were selected to validate this new method. Main parameters that could influence the extraction efficiency such as extraction time, fiber length, stirring rate, the type of the extraction solvent, pH value, the concentration of ordered mesoporous carbon, and salt effect were optimized. Under the optimal extraction conditions, good linearity was observed in the range of 2-1000 ng/L, with the correlation coefficients of 0.9954-0.9986. The recoveries for the spiked samples were in the range of 88.96-100.17%. The limits of detection of the method were 0.4-4 ng/L. The relative standard deviations varied from 4.2-5.9%. The results demonstrated that the newly developed method was an efficient pretreatment and enrichment procedure for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples.