Graphene oxide assisted electromembrane extraction with gas chromatography for the determination of methamphetamine as a model analyte in hair and urine samples

Abstract

In the present study, graphene oxide reinforced two-phase electromembrane extraction (EME) coupled with gas chromatography was applied for the determination of methamphetamine as a model analyte in biological samples. The presence of graphene oxide in the hollow fiber wall can increase the effective surface area, interactions with analyte and polarity of support liquid membrane that leads to an enhancement in the analyte migration. To investigate the influence of the presence of graphene oxide in the support liquid membrane on the extraction efficiency, a comparative study was performed between graphene oxide and graphene oxide/EME methods. The extraction parameters such as type of organic solvent, pH of the donor phase, stirring speed, time, voltage, salt addition and the concentration of graphene oxide were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed microextraction technique provided low limit of detection (2.4 ng/mL), high preconcentration factor (195-198) and high relative recovery (95-98.5%). Finally, the method was successfully employed for the determination of methamphetamine in urine and hair samples.

A novel method for the preconcentration and determination of ampicillin using electromembrane microextraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography

“…and Fakhari et al. studied the effect of modified SLM with reduced graphene oxide on EME efficiency . Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with special characteristics such as layered structure, high specific surface area, excellent adsorptive properties, and electrical conductivity is composed of a hexagonal carbon network bearing, oxygen‐containing functional groups.…”

“…The multi-walled carbon nanotubes dispersion in the SLM led to accelerated adsorption and desorption processes due to improved electrokinetic transport from the acceptor phase to the sample solution, which in turn enhances the enrichment factor [18]. Bagheri et al and Fakhari et al studied the effect of modified SLM with reduced graphene oxide on EME efficiency [19,20]. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with special characteristics such as layered structure, high specific surface area, excellent adsorptive properties, and electrical conductivity is composed of a hexagonal carbon network bearing, oxygen-containing functional groups.…”

“…Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with special characteristics such as layered structure, high specific surface area, excellent adsorptive properties, and electrical conductivity is composed of a hexagonal carbon network bearing, oxygen-containing functional groups. These functional groups improve the dispersibility of RGO in organic solvent and enhance its adsorption efficiency [19][20][21]. The decoration of the hollow fibers with metal nanoparticles also increased extraction efficiency.…”

Improved in-tube electro-membrane extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography for simple and selective determination of ionic compounds: Optimization by central composite design

“…In order to deal with this problem, Pedersen-Bjergaard et al [23][24][25][26] have introduced a microextraction technique called the electro-membrane extraction (EME). The extraction principle in EME is based on the electro-kinetic migration of ionized compounds by the application of an electrical potential difference [27][28][29][30][31][32]. In this method, the ionized compounds migrate across the supported liquid membrane (SLM) from an aqueous sample solution into an aqueous acceptor that is located inside the lumen of a hollow fiber.…”

Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide‐based frozen ionic liquid for the hollow‐fiber solid‐phase microextraction of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its main metabolites

“…Thus, high agitation was allowed during the extraction procedure and the extraction efficiency would be improved by reducing the Nernst diffusion layer [16]. In recent years, based on HF-LPME, hollow-fiber solidphase microextraction (HF-SPME) was developed based on various absorbing materials with outstanding adsorptive characteristics, such as molecular imprinted polymer [17], multiwalled carbon nanotube [18], ILs coated titanium dioxide [19], AgNPs@MCM-41 [20], graphene oxide [21], polymeric ILs [22], and so on. The proposed methods further improved the mechanical robustness and extraction efficiency, and exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity.…”