Geology, mineralogy and the Pb, S isotope study of the Kalkım Pb-Zn ± Cu deposits, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey

Abstract

Three main Pb-Zn ± Cu deposits (Handeresi, Bağırkaçdere, and Fırıncıkdere) occur south of Kalkım in the southeastern part of the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey). Massive and disseminated Pb-Zn mineralization consists of ore veins in fault zones and replacement bodies in carbonate layers in metamorphic rocks. Garnet (~Ad 64 Gr 36 ), pyroxene (~Di 30 Hd 45 Jo 25 ), epidote and rare tremolite-actinolite are found as gangue minerals in ore zones. The garnets often show oscillatory zoning and correspond to grossular, andradite and grandite in composition. The pyroxene minerals are manganiferous hedenbergite, johannsenite and diopside. The Mn/Fe ratios of the pyroxene range between 0.3 and 0.9 (mean 0.5). Such compositions of the garnet and pyroxene and gangue assemblages are typical of distal Pb-Zn skarns. The ore minerals are pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, magnetite, hematite, and arsenopyrite. Taken together, the Oligo-Miocene magmatism in the area is taken responsible for the polymetallic mineralization. However, the metamorphic rocks and their protoliths may have contributed part of the lead.

Ore genesis of the Huangshaping skarn W–Mo–Pb–Zn deposit, southern Hunan Province, China: insights from in situ LA-MC-ICP-MS sulphur isotopic compositions

“…Sulphide ores also typically have consistent S and Pb isotopic compositions, similar to those of igneous rocks associated with this mineralization (e.g. Ault and Williams-Jones, 2004;Kalender, 2011;Li et al 2012;Akiska et al 2013;Shu et al 2013;Wang et al 2014;Xie et al 2015;Ding et al 2016a). However, solid evidence for the genesis of skarn Pb-Zn mineralization is still lacking, with the increasing grade of Pb-Zn ores from the magmatic rocks outward to the host rocks being the main indicator of the relationship between magmatism and mineralization (Megaw et al 1988;Meinert et al 2005).…”

“…These make the Pb-Zn mineralization in the Huangshaping deposit distinct from that of the typical skarn type Pb-Zn deposits, with the sulphur for the latter being mainly derived from the magmatic rocks, as indicated by the generally low and uniform δ 34 S values for the Pb-Zn ores (e.g. Ault & Williams-Jones, 2004;Kalender, 2011;Li et al 2012;Akiska et al 2013;Shu et al 2013;Wang et al 2014;Xie et al 2015;Ding et al 2016a). Sulphides that were precipitated in the early high-temperature environment of the Huangshaping deposit, including chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite, as well as colloform pyrite and the surrounding recrystallized pyrite, have relatively low and uniform δ 34 S values that are much lower than those of sulphides from the proximal skarn system (Fig.…”

Variation of Cu, Fe, S and Pb isotopes in sulfides from hydrothermal mineralization from the Yenice region in Çanakkale, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey

“…This comprehensive data set is used to explain the metal source and the evolution of a possible ore-forming fluid during the formation of the magmatichydrothermal systems in the region, especially for the Arapuçandere deposit. We also report Pb isotope data of sulfides from ore-zones and local granitoids to further constrain potential relationships between mineralization and local magmatism, and to supplement previously published Pb isotope data from the Koru (Bozkaya and Gökçe, 2009;Çiçek and Oyman, 2016), Tesbihdere (Çiçek and Oyman, 2016), Arapuçandere (Bozkaya, 2011) and Kalkım (Akıska et al, 2013) deposits. Finally, the results obtained from this study can be used as a guide to evaluating the importance of the region in future mineral explorations.…”

“…Ore deposits in the Biga Peninsula have not received sufficient attention regard to copper and iron isotopes. Only a few studies have attempted to report a detailed traditional (i.e., H, O, S) and radiogenic Pb isotope compositions from Koru (Bozkaya and Gökçe, 2009;Çiçek et al, 2012;Çiçek and Oyman, 2016;Bozkaya et al, 2020), Şahinli/Tesbihdere (Yılmaz et al, 2010;Bozkaya et al, 2014;Çiçek and Oyman, 2016), Arapuçandere (Bozkaya et al, 2008;Bozkaya, 2011;Bozkaya and Banks, 2015), Kalkım (Akıska et al, 2013), Çataltepe (Demirela, 2011), Madendağ and Kartadağ (Ünal-İmer et al, 2013) deposits in the Biga Peninsula.…”

Combining single and complex indices of pollution with grain size trend analysis of surficial sediments in Edremit Gulf, western Turkey

“…Agricultural activities (especially fruit and vegetable growing) and shery are of great importance in this area. There are several active metal mines (Yiğit, 2012) and several studies involving ore deposits around the investigation area have been conducted (Çolakoğlu, 2000;Yiğit, 2006;Yılmaz, 2007;Yiğit, 2009;Oyman, 2010;Akiska et al 2013;Somay, 2016).…”