The main goal of 3D modeling studies in the mining sector is to address the complex geological, mineralogical, and structural factors in subsurface environments and detect the ore zone(s). In order to solve this complexity, use of quality data (e.g., a wide range of boreholes at regular intervals) is necessary. However, this situation is not always possible because of certain restrictions such as intensive vegetation, high slope areas, and some economic constraints. At the same time, with the development of computer technology, the unused and/or insufficiently considered data need to be gathered and reviewed. This assessment may lead to the detection of potential new zone(s) and/or could prevent unnecessary costs. In this study, the target area that was chosen had inadequate and unusable data, and we used the data as effectively as possible. The Handeresi area is located in the Biga Peninsula of northwestern Turkey. In this area, the Pb-Zn-Cu occurrences take place in carbonate levels of metamorphic rocks or at the fractures and cracks of other metamorphic rocks. The area is being explored actively now. In this study, using the borehole data, we attempted to model the subsurface of this area in 3D using commercial RockWorks2006® software. As a result, there were 3 ore zones that were seen intensively in this area. One of them indicates the area in which the adits are now operating. The others could be new potential zones.

The Hasançelebi deposit in eastern Turkey, with proven reserves of 95 million metric tons, is a coppergold−bearing iron oxide deposit. It is chiefly hosted by rocks that underwent widespread sodic-calcic and potassic styles of alteration. In the Hasançelebi district, pervasive Na-Ca and K-Fe alteration types are overprinted by sericitization and by late alteration that occur in multiple, overprinting systems. The age of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization (ca. between 74−68 Ma) overlaps with the age of alkaline magmatism in the Hasançelebi district. Crystallization and cooling of alkaline magmatism is associated with hydrothermal features that spanned the duration of the district's igneous history. The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar and U-Pb geochronology of magmatism indicate that the hydrothermal system was synchronous with diabase and syenite and/or microsyenite porphyry intrusions and consisted of several discrete phases of Na-Ca and K-Fe alteration. The oldest alteration (phase 1) formed at ca 74.4 to 74.3 Ma; it is spatially and temporally associated with the emplacement of diabase dikes and contains scapolite and phlogopite. The next younger alteration (phase 2) formed at about 71.3 Ma and is spatially and temporally associated with syenite porphyry and microsyenite porphyry intrusions. It consists of scapolite , garnet, pyroxene, and actinolite that are superimposed on the first alteration phase. The next alteration assemblage (phase 3) formed at about 68.6 Ma and consists of phlogopite 2 and magnetite mineralization. Still later alteration (phase 4) overprints phases 1, 2, and 3 and consists of sericite-quartz, chalcopyrite, hematite, calcite, fluorite, and barite. Oxygen (δ 18 O) and hydrogen (δD) isotope analyses were carried out on phlogopite, sericite, barite, calcite, fluorite, and quartz representing the mineral assemblage formed during phases 1 and 4 of the hydrothermal alteration. The calculated δ 18 O(H 2 O) and δD(H 2 O) composition of the fluids that formed preore K-Fe alteration and postore alteration of phase 4 range between 15.1 to 8.5 and −124 to −85.6 per mil, respectively, and partially overlap the range for traditional magmatic waters. Oxygen and H isotope compositions from alteration minerals highlight two major points: Na-Ca and K-Fe alteration assemblages are likely derived from hightemperature primary magmatic fluids, and late sericitization is likely derived from fluids exsolved from cooling alkaline plutons during hydrothermal fracturing and consequent degassing at moderate temperatures. The initial εNdi values of the alteration zones range from −2.02 to −2.08, close to the calculated εNd value of associated syenite porphyry at the time of alteration (εNd (68.64Ma; −1.9). Nd-Sr isotope compositions combined with 40 Ar-39 Ar and U-Pb geochronology of the associated alteration suggest that the fluids were sourced from coeval diabase dikes and syenite porphyry and/or microsyenite porphyry intrusions. The rare earth element characteristics, 40 Ar-39 Ar and U-Pb geochronology of alteration and fr...

Three main Pb-Zn ± Cu deposits (Handeresi, Bağırkaçdere, and Fırıncıkdere) occur south of Kalkım in the southeastern part of the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey). Massive and disseminated Pb-Zn mineralization consists of ore veins in fault zones and replacement bodies in carbonate layers in metamorphic rocks. Garnet (~Ad 64 Gr 36 ), pyroxene (~Di 30 Hd 45 Jo 25 ), epidote and rare tremolite-actinolite are found as gangue minerals in ore zones. The garnets often show oscillatory zoning and correspond to grossular, andradite and grandite in composition. The pyroxene minerals are manganiferous hedenbergite, johannsenite and diopside. The Mn/Fe ratios of the pyroxene range between 0.3 and 0.9 (mean 0.5). Such compositions of the garnet and pyroxene and gangue assemblages are typical of distal Pb-Zn skarns. The ore minerals are pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, magnetite, hematite, and arsenopyrite. Taken together, the Oligo-Miocene magmatism in the area is taken responsible for the polymetallic mineralization. However, the metamorphic rocks and their protoliths may have contributed part of the lead.

ÖZ Biga Yarımadası'nın doğusunda yer alan Kalkım (Yenice) beldesinin güneyinde bulunan Handeresi, Bağırkaçdere ve Fırıncıkdere yatakları Türkiye'deki önemli Pb-Zn±Cu yatakları arasında yer almaktadır. Bölgedeki distal Pb-Zn skarn oluşumları, Kalabak Formasyonuna ait epidot-serizit-grafit şist ve metakumtaşları ile kalk şist ve mermer dokanaklarında ve/veya bunların kırık-çatlaklarında meydana gelmiş olup, hem litolojik hem de yapısal kontrollü cevherleşmelerdir. Bölgede yapılan çalışmalar sırasında endoskarn zonuna rastlanılmamış olup, eksoskarn zonunda görülen mineraller, grossular-andradit türü granatlar, Mn-hedenberjit-johansenit (çok nadiren diyopsit) türü klinopiroksenler, aktinolit-tremolit türü amfiboller (çok nadir), epidotlar, kuvars (kuvars-I) ve kalsittir (kalsit-I). Cevher mineralleri olarak ise galenit, sfalerit, pirit, kalkopirit, arsenopirit, manyetit ve hematit saptanmıştır. Gerek cevherli zonları gerekse de tüm yan kayaçları kesen ve damar dolgusu şeklinde gözlenen ayrı bir kuvars (kuvars-II) ve kalsit (kalsit-II) jenerasyonu da belirlenmiş olup bunlar cevher içermeyen geç evre oluşumlarıdır. Klinopiroksen, sfalerit, kuvars-I ve kalsit-II örnekleri üzerinde yapılan sıvı kapanım çalışmalarında klinopiroksen minerallerinin 300-340 o C (% 5,6 ile % 8 arası NaCl eşdeğeri tuzluluk), sfalerit minerallerinin 272-338 o C, kuvars-I minerallerinin 157-319 o C (% 1,4 ile % 9,1 arası NaCl eşdeğeri tuzluluk) ve kalsit-II minerallerinin 68-75 o C arasında oluştukları saptanmıştır. Kapanımların çok küçük olmaları sebebiyle sfalerit ve kalsit-II minerallerinden tuzluluk ölçümleri yapılamamıştır. Cevherleşme ile ilişkili kalsit (kalsit-I) minerallerinde yapılan CO izotop analizleri sonucunda δ 13 C VPDB değerlerinin ‰-3,9 ile ‰ 0,6 arasında, δ 18 O SMOW değerlerinin ise ‰ 1,82 ile ‰ 12,76 arasında yer aldıkları görülmüştür.

ÖZ Biga Yarımadası'nın KB ucunda ve Çanakkale ili Lapseki ilçesi doğusunda yer alan Çataltepe Pb-Zn±Cu±Ag yatağı, Kretase yaşlı Çamlıca metamorfitlerinin mermerleri içinde ve onların diğer kayaçlarla olan dokanakları boyunca genellikle litolojik kontrollü olarak gelişmiş bir cevherleşmedir. Şu an aktif olarak üretim yapılan işletme alanında cevherleşmelerin genel doğrultu/eğimi mermer ve diğer metamorfitlerin genel doğrultu/eğimine uyumlu olup yaklaşık K40 o B/40 o KD'dur. Mikroskobik çalışmalar prograd evreye özgün granat ve piroksen minerallerinin varlığını ve bu minerallerin retrograd evrede karbonatlaşıp epidotlaştığını göstermektedir. Cevher mineralleri olarak kahverengi sfalerit, bal renkli sfalerit, galenit, kalkopirit, pirit, pirotin, valeriit, manyetit, hematit, markazit, arsenopirit ve limonit mineralleri izlenmektedir. Retrograd evre sırasında gelişen cevherleşmeler dokusal olarak masif dokulu cevherleşmeler ve saçınımlı dokulu cevherleşmeler olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmakta ve masif dokulu cevherleşmeler saçınımlı dokulu cevherleşmeler tarafından kesilmektedir. Bu cevher minerallerine karbonat, klorit ve kuvars mineralleri eşlik etmektedir. Geç evre alterasyonlar başlıca manganoksit-hidroksit, limonit, karbonat ve kalsit mineralleri ile temsil edilmekte olup prograd ve retrograd evre alterasyonlarını maskelemektedir. Çalışmalar sırasında elde edilen veriler, Çataltepe Pb-Zn±Cu±Ag yatağının mermer-metakumtaşı/kuvarsit dokanakları boyunca ve esas olarak mermerler içinde bir magmatik etki ile evrimleşen cevherli çözeltilerden itibaren oluştuğuna işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca veriler, sıcaklık bakımından mezo-epitermal koşullarda oluşan distal Pb-Zn skarn yataklarına göre biraz daha sığ kesimlerde ortaya çıkmış epijenetik bir yatağı önermektedir.

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This study aims to investigate hydrogeological, geochemical and geotechnical properties of the Aksaray University campus area. Within this context, the hydrogeochemical results of water samples collected from 4 different water points from the campus area, geochemical analysis of 17 soil samples, and geotechnical properties of rock samples obtained from drill core and description of core-logging performed in 2008 were evaluated. Hydrogeological studies have shown that two different water facies with Na-Cl and Ca-Cl water types developed in the study area. These waters are classified as low quality, but usable, and 3 rd quality for irrigation water according to irrigation water standards and electrical conductivity values. According to geotechnical experiments, it was determined that the argillaceous limestone, which spread widely under the cover of the campus area, had bearing capacity of 36.5 kg/cm 2 and belonged to the low strength rock class. As and Pb contents of the soil samples are at higher values, compared to the average upper crust values. According to the anomaly distribution maps prepared for Cl and Na elements, it was determined that east, southwest and northwest parts of the campus area contain higher values of Na and Cl than that of other parts of campus. The results of this study will provide more planned and efficient green-area studies to be carried out in the campus area and protection of the green-areas.