Generic and subtribal classification of American Vernonieae /

Abstract

A B S T R A C TRobinson, Harold. Generic and Subtribal Classification of American Vernonieae. Smithsoniun Contributions to Botany, number 89, 116 pages, 1999.-The Vernonieae in America is herein defined to exclude the Liabeae and Pseudostifftiu (Moquinieae), and to include elements sometimes placed in the Heliantheae (Trichospiru) or Lactuceae (Stokesiu). Pollen, style bases, raphids, inflorescence form, involucre, anther appendage, and chemistry are some characters used in the reclassification. Tables 1-12 indicate the distribution of these characteristics in most American genera. Vernoniu s.s., with type A pollen, is typified by K noveborucensis (L.) and occurs in the Bahamas, eastern North America, south to central Mexico and has two species in temperate South America. All other species previously placed in Vernoniu need to be removed from the genus, a process that is nearly complete for neotropical species. Most American Vernonieae seem to form a single related subgroup in the tribe. Subtribes included in the related subgroup are the Lychnophorinae (x = 15, 17, 18) and Centratherinae (x = 16) with type A pollen and hroheliangolides; Piptocarphinae (x= 17) with type A pollen, deciduous inner involucre, and sometimes opposite leaves; Vernoniinae (x = 17), many with glanduliferous anther appendages (including the Lepiduplou complex mostly with echinolophate pollen); and the newly proposed subtribes Sipolisiinae with type A pollen, armed receptacles, and carbonized achenes; Chrestinae with echinolophate pollen; and Leiboldiinae ( x = 19) with type A pollen, large heads, and a modified callus at the top of the achene. Of uncertain relationship to the preceding related subgroup are Stokesiu (x = 7), the Elephantopodinae (x = 1 1, 13), and the Rolandrinae (x = 8) with echinolophate pollen; three genera with type E pollen (Pucourinu, Acilepidopsis, and Mesunthophoru); and the Trichospirinae with type A pollen and flattened bicornute achenes. Ten subtribes are recognized, plus four unplaced generic groups. Three of the subtribal names, Leiboldiinae, Chrestinae, and Sipolisiinae are validated in the treatment. The genus Cuutingunthus of eastern Brazil, a possible relative of the Elephantopinae, is described as new. A list of the 76 accepted genera of Vernonieae, native or introduced in the New World, is provided, and a complete list of names of American Vernonieae is given with an indication of their present taxonomic dispositions and geographical distributions. Fifteen new combinations are provided.

Palinotaxonomia de Albertinia brasiliensis Spreng., Eremanthus bicolor (DC.) Baker e Vanillosmopsis erythropappa (DC.) Sch. Bip. (Compositae-Vernonieae)

“…Com base na classificação dos seis tipos de grãos de pólen definidos por Kingham (1976) apenas os grãos de pólen de Albertinia brasiliensis e Vanillosmopsis erythropappa puderam ser enquadrados no Tipo V, enquanto os grãos de pólen de Eremanthus bicolor não se aproximaram de nenhum dos tipos criados pelo autor. Robinson (1999) estudou a morfologia polínica nas tribos Vernonieae e Lactuceae e encontrou na primeira tribo uma quantidade de casos isolados de grãos de pólen do padrão lofado revertendo, aparentemente, para o "tipo A" criado por Keeley & Jones (1977), dentro de gêneros ou de grupos genéricos bem definidos como em Cyrtocymura H. Rob., Eirmocephala H.…”

“…Média (em µm) dos diâmetros polar (DP) e equatorial (DE), em vista equatorial e forma dos grãos de pólen do material de comparação de espécies de Vernonieae (n = 10). Robinson (1999), aparentemente, a reversão do grão de pólen do "tipo A" a partir da forma lofada tem se fixado em alguns grupos de Vernonieae neotropicais, tais como Lychnophorinae, Piptocarphinae e em elementos de Vernonia-Vernonanthura de Vernoniinae. Não existem evidências nas Vernonieae neotropicais do "tipo A" revertendo-se para as formas lofadas, mas a variação do pólen no gênero Distephanus Cass.…”

“…O "tipo A" é caracterizado como apresentando grãos de pólen equinados a subequinolofados, tricolporados, teto microperfurado, espinhos sobre cristas nos grãos de pólen subequinolofados; o "tipo B" é definido por possuir grãos de pólen equinolofados, tricolporados, teto com microperfurações descontínuas, espinhos, geralmente, pronunciados nos muros, sendo ocasionalmente reduzidos e muros polares coincidentes; O "tipo C" é definido por ter grãos de pólen equinolofados, tricolporados, teto com microperfuração descontínua, alguns espinhos reduzidos no muro e lacuna polar proeminente e o "tipo B-C" com um muro polar que coincide com a lacuna polar. Robinson (1999) utilizando características polínicas, dentre outras, em sua nova organização genérica, considerou Albertinia, Eremanthus e Vanillosmopsis como possuindo grãos de pólen do tipo A.…”

Diversity of non-glandular trichomes in subtribe Lychnophorinae (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) and taxonomic implications

“…Established by Bentham (1873), the subtribe Lychnophorinae initially contained taxa with one-to few-flowered capitula, these densely aggregated into glomerules or syncephalia and possessing simple biseriate, paleaceous, rarely setose, pappus setae (Hind 2000a). However, this traditional definition has been completely abandoned by Robinson (1999) in his review of American Vernonieae, through the inclusion of genera with separate heads (Anteremanthus, Minasia, Piptolepis, Proteopsis) in Lychnophorinae (Robinson 1992(Robinson , 1999Keeley and Robinson 2009) and the proposal of a set of alternative characteristics (not necessarily restricted to Lychnophorinae, but rather consistent within the group) to define the subtribe: lack of enlarged nodes or sclerified cells at the bases of the styles, usually extensive presence of a pubescence of T-shaped trichomes, presence of sclerified cells and lack of glands in the anther appendages and presence of type A pollen (Robinson 1992).…”

“…Some authors have placed several Lychnophorinae in Vernonia s.l. (MacLeish 1984;Hind 1995Hind , 2003, whereas Robinson (1999) considered most of them as members of the subtribe. As a consequence, Coile and Jones (1981) recognized 11 species of Lychnophora whereas Semir (1991) acknowledged 41 species (not including in these 41 the 27 unpublished new species).…”