Generation of an Adequate Perfusion Network within Dense Collagen Hydrogels Using Thermoplastic Polymers as Sacrificial Matrix to Promote Cell Viability

Abstract

Dense collagen hydrogels are promising biomaterials for several tissue-engineering applications. They exhibit high mechanical properties, similar to physiological extracellular matrices, and do not shrink under cellular activity. However, they suffer from several drawbacks, such as weak nutrient and O2 diffusion, impacting cell survival. Here, we report a novel strategy to create a perfusion system within dense and thick collagen hydrogels to promote cell viability. The 3D printing of a thermoplastic filament (high-impact polystyrene, HIPS) with a three-wave shape is used to produce an appropriate sacrificial matrix. The HIPS thermoplastic polymer allows for good shape fidelity of the filament and does not collapse under the mechanical load of the collagen solution. After the collagen gels around the filament and dissolves, a channel is generated, allowing for adequate and rapid hydrogel perfusion. The dissolution process does not alter the collagen hydrogel’s physical or chemical properties, and the perfusion is associated with an increased fibroblast survival. Here, we report the novel utilization of thermoplastics to generate a perfusion network within biomimetic collagen hydrogels.

Anisotropic dense collagen hydrogels with two ranges of porosity to mimic the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix

“…A 600 µm diameter corresponds to the physiological range of a muscle bundle. Generating large channels by 3D printing is difficult without using sacrificial ink as channels tend to collapse [50]. For this reason, we used a molding method.…”