GC-MS Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds in Syzygium polyanthum Leaves Extracted using Ultrasound-Assisted Method

Abstract

Context:Syzygium polyanthum has been traditionally formulated by the folklore for the treatment of diseases including diarrhea, rheumatism, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, gastritis and hyperuricemia. Normally, its phytochemicals are always extracted using solvent, maceration and steam distillation methods, but the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method is still not well documented. Aims: This study aims to extract the phytochemical compounds present in S. polyanthum leaves using UAE and to identify them by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Methodology: The leaves were consecutively soaked with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol in a bath sonicator to derive n-hexane (HSP), ethyl acetate (EASP), and methanol (MSP) extracts of S. polyanthum leaves and then the extracts were subjected to GC-MS analysis. Mass-spectral databases of peaks were compared with database from Wiley, NIST and FNSCC libraries for compound identification. Results: GC-MS analyses of HSP, EASP and MSP showed the presence of 21, 27, and 31 peaks, respectively. The major compound for HSP (31.912%), EASP (27.042%), and MSP (22.386%) were unknown compounds which were detected at retention time between 61.980 and 62.29 min, thus requires further characterization. Squalene and phytol were among the other major compounds present in all three extracts. Several identified compounds in the extracts such as squalene, phytol, hentriacontane, palmitic acid, α-pinene, nerolidol, linalool, α-tocopherol and β-tocopherol were known bioactive compounds. analysis of crude methanolic S. polyanthum leaves extract showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroids, triterpenoids and flavonoids. 5,6 Phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid and gallic acid were previously identified in crude macerated methanolic extract of S. polyanthum leaves by high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analyses. Conclusion: GC-MS analyses of n-hexane (HSP), ethyl acetate (EASP),7 Analysis on the crude macerated methanolic extract of S. polyanthum leaves has detected squalene as the major compound. 5,8 Another analysis on the macerated n-hexane extract similarly found squalene as the major compound (30.45%) followed by n-hentriacontane (6.57%). 8Most phytochemicals previously studied were extracted using solvent maceration and steam distillation methods, however, the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method is not well-documented. The present study has utilized UAE method, a different extraction method from the other previous studies. Basically, UAE method Rahim et al.: GC-MS Analysis of Syzygium polyanthum Leaves Extracted using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction MethodPharmacognosy Journal, Vol 10, Issue 1, Jan-Feb, 2018 111 GC conditionThe injector temperature was set at 250 º C, column temperature program was set at 50ºC (0 min) with an increasing rate of 3 º C/min to 300 º C (10 min). The carrier gas used was pure helium gas (9...

Phytochemical screening and preliminary clinical trials of the aqueous extract mixture of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees and Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Walp leaves in metformin treated patients with type 2 diabetes

“…paniculata (AP) is one of the most well-studied medicinal plant, with reports on its chemical constituents (Hossain et al, 2014;Sharma et al, 2012;Srivastava et al, 2004). On the other hand, S. polyanthum (SP), widely used as spices and traditional medicine in Indonesia and Malaysia, has received more attention in recent years and its phytochemical screening has been intensively investigated due to their potentially wider safety margin and useful pharmacological effects (Hassan et al, 2015;Kusuma et al, 2011;Rahim et al, 2018). The Indonesian Traditional Medicine Polyclinic of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital in Surabaya used extract mixture of AP-SP with ratio of 1:1 for T2DM treatment.…”

Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Methanol Extract Fractions of Various Indonesian Ethnopharmacological Plants

“…The S. polyanthum ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf extract contained all of the compounds tested for, namely flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides (Table 1). Recent work showed a number of bioactive compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction of the S. polyanthum leaf methanolic extract, including α-pinene, linalool, nerolidol, caryophyllene oxide, farnesol, phytol, squalene, β-tocopherol, α-tocopherol, β-sitosterol, α-humulene, neophytadiene, hentriacontane, and octanal [21].…”

“…The Abd Rahim et al study [21] also reported that the ethyl acetate fraction of the C. rotundus tuber methanolic extract contained glycoside compounds, which were suspected to be the terpenoid iridoid glycoside groups such as 1α-meth-oxy-3β-hydroxy-4α-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,4,-tetra-hydronaphthalin and 1α,3β-dihydroxy-4α-(3′,4′dihydrox-yphenyl)-1,2,3,4,-tetrahydronaphthalin or other rotundus side compounds and their isomers that had been reported by another research team [22], although this tentative identification requires confirmation. The presence of flavonoid compounds in the C. rotundus fraction, which we identified, was also reported by Kilani et al [23].…”

The usefulness of fermented katuk (Sauropus androgynus) plus bay leaves to modify fat accumulation, cholesterol and chemical composition of broiler meat

“…In the other hand, bay leaf contains flavonoids and glycosides (Ayoub et al, 2013;Abu-Dahab et al, 2014), volatile compounds, potassium, phosphorus and vitamin A activity (Pharthasarathy et al, 2008), flavonoids, triterpenoids, phenols, saponins and tannins (Santoso et al, 2017). Rahim et al (2018) reported that bay leaf contained squalene, phytol, α-pinene, α-tocopherol, β-sitosterol, pyrogallol, and unknown compounds. Santoso et al (2017) compared six medicinal plants to modify meat composition and quality and found that Sauropus androgynus or bay leaves inclusion were more effective than other four medicinal plants (papaya leaf, basil leaf, noni fruit and Moringa leaf).…”