Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp is well known among Malaysians as "salam", "serai kayu", or "samak kelat", whereas in Indonesia, the plant is commonly recognized as "ubar serai", "meselengan", "manting", Indonesia laurel, or Indonesian bay leaf. 1 The scientific name S. polyanthum was usually used in synonymous with Eugenia polyantha. 2 According to the Archive of "Catalogue of Life", 3 this plant belongs to Plantae kingdom, Magnoliophyta phylum, Magnoliopsida class, Myrtales order, Myrtaceae family, Syzygium genus, and S. polyanthum (Wight) Walp species. TRADITIONAL USESLeaves, fruits, and barks of S. polyanthum are traditionally used for various medicinal and nonmedicinal purposes. The roots and the fruits are consumed to reverse the hangover effect with alcohol, whereas the leaves are traditionally consumed for treating various illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, gastritis, ulcers, diarrhea, skin diseases, as well as infections. 4,5 People in Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia, has reported to add S. polyanthum leaves as one of the ingredients in their soups, and it was consumed for treating hypertension. 6 Another alternative way of preparing remedies from S. polyanthum leaves is by preparing leaf decoction, usually by boiling few pieces of S. polyanthum leaves in plain water until they become concentrated. Apart from its medicinal use, the young shoots of S. polyanthum are consumed in its raw form as salad, or locally known among Malay as "ulam" and, sometimes, the mature leaves are used to enhance flavor in

Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. var. polyanthum leaves are consumed as a traditional Malay treatment of hypertension. This study investigates hypotensive potential of aqueous (AESP) and residual methanolic (met-AESP) extracts of S. polyanthum leaves and possible involvement of autonomic receptors. AESP and met-AESP (20 to 100 mg/kg) were intravenously administered into anaesthetized Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. Blood pressure and heart were monitored for 20 min. AESP and met-AESP induced significant dose-dependent hypotension, but only 100 mg/kg AESP caused mild bradycardia (n = 5). AESP-induced hypotension was more potent than that of met-AESP in WKY. AESP has a faster onset time than that of met-AESP in both WKY and SHR. However, met-AESP-induced hypotension was more sustained than that of AESP in SHR. Blockages of autonomic ganglion and α-adrenergic receptors using hexamethonium and phentolamine (n = 5 for each group) partially attenuated AESP-induced hypotension, suggesting involvement of α-adrenergic receptors. Blockages of autonomic ganglion, β-adrenergic, cholinergic receptors, and nitric oxide production using hexamethonium, propranolol, atropine, and N-ω-nitro-l arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (n = 5 for each group) partially attenuated met-AESP-induced hypotension, suggesting involvement of β-adrenergic and cholinergic receptors via nitric oxide production.

Context:Syzygium polyanthum has been traditionally formulated by the folklore for the treatment of diseases including diarrhea, rheumatism, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, gastritis and hyperuricemia. Normally, its phytochemicals are always extracted using solvent, maceration and steam distillation methods, but the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method is still not well documented. Aims: This study aims to extract the phytochemical compounds present in S. polyanthum leaves using UAE and to identify them by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Methodology: The leaves were consecutively soaked with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol in a bath sonicator to derive n-hexane (HSP), ethyl acetate (EASP), and methanol (MSP) extracts of S. polyanthum leaves and then the extracts were subjected to GC-MS analysis. Mass-spectral databases of peaks were compared with database from Wiley, NIST and FNSCC libraries for compound identification. Results: GC-MS analyses of HSP, EASP and MSP showed the presence of 21, 27, and 31 peaks, respectively. The major compound for HSP (31.912%), EASP (27.042%), and MSP (22.386%) were unknown compounds which were detected at retention time between 61.980 and 62.29 min, thus requires further characterization. Squalene and phytol were among the other major compounds present in all three extracts. Several identified compounds in the extracts such as squalene, phytol, hentriacontane, palmitic acid, α-pinene, nerolidol, linalool, α-tocopherol and β-tocopherol were known bioactive compounds. analysis of crude methanolic S. polyanthum leaves extract showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroids, triterpenoids and flavonoids. 5,6 Phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid and gallic acid were previously identified in crude macerated methanolic extract of S. polyanthum leaves by high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analyses. Conclusion: GC-MS analyses of n-hexane (HSP), ethyl acetate (EASP),7 Analysis on the crude macerated methanolic extract of S. polyanthum leaves has detected squalene as the major compound. 5,8 Another analysis on the macerated n-hexane extract similarly found squalene as the major compound (30.45%) followed by n-hentriacontane (6.57%). 8Most phytochemicals previously studied were extracted using solvent maceration and steam distillation methods, however, the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method is not well-documented. The present study has utilized UAE method, a different extraction method from the other previous studies. Basically, UAE method Rahim et al.: GC-MS Analysis of Syzygium polyanthum Leaves Extracted using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction MethodPharmacognosy Journal, Vol 10, Issue 1, Jan-Feb, 2018 111 GC conditionThe injector temperature was set at 250 º C, column temperature program was set at 50ºC (0 min) with an increasing rate of 3 º C/min to 300 º C (10 min). The carrier gas used was pure helium gas (9...

Context: Aqueous decoction of Syzygium polyanthum (ADSP) leaf is one of Malay traditionalremedial-preparations for hypertension. Intravenous ADSP reduced blood pressure of anesthetized Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously-Hypertensive rats (SHR); however, acute and sub-acute effects of oral ADSP on conscious rats and its bioactive compound(s) are not comprehensively studied. This study aims to examine the acute and sub-acute effects of ADSP in comparison to methanol extract (MESP) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) of conscious WKY and SHR rats, as well as to identify their major phenolic-compound using highperformance-liquid-chromatography (HPLC). Methodology: For acute study, SHR and WKY rats were gavaged with single-dose of ADSP or MESP (2.00, 2.50 or 3.00 g/kg), vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg). SBP was measured after 1, 3, 5, 6 and 24 hr-post-administration. For subacute experiment, SHR rats were gavaged once-daily with ADSP or MESP (2.50 g/kg/day), vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg/day) for 3-week and their SBP was weekly-measured. Phenolic compounds were screened using ferric-chloride test, then gallic acid was determined using HPLC. Results: Acute administration of ADSP (2.50 to 3.00 g/kg) and MESP (2.00 to 3.00 g/ kg) significantly reduced SBP of SHR, but not of WKY rats. Repeated-daily-dose administration of MESP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP of SHR after 2-week and sustained until 3-week, while ADSP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP only after 3-week. Gallic acid was the major phenolic-compound in ADSP (157.09 ± 4.18 ppm) and MESP (134.04 ± 10.30 ppm). Conclusion: Oral ADSP and MESP that contain gallic acid possess acute and sub-acute antihypertensive effects in SHR, but MESP's effect was more prominent than ADSP.Key words: Antihypertensive, Gallic acid, HPLC, Hypertension, Syzygium polyanthum. Key Messages:This report highlights the acute 24-hr effect of oral Syzygium polyanthum leaves aqueous decoction and methanol extract on systolic blood pressure of conscious hypertensive rats. Interestingly, the reduction in blood pressure by oral Syzygium polyanthum leaves extracts was selective towards hypertensive rats. In addition, gallic acid was identified as the main phenolic compound in both extracts by HPLC analysis.