Gas chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry preceded by liquid–liquid extraction and chemical derivatization for the determination of ketamine and norketamine in urine

Chou, Su-Lien; Yang, Mo‐Hsiung; Ling, Yong‐Chien; Giang, Yun-Seng

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.10.009

Cited by 52 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…This committee prepared a list of drugs that could be, or have been, used in drug-facilitated sexual assault. During the last few years, KET has been shown as a drug of quickly increasing popularity in bars, disco-dancing, and rave parties (12)(13)(14)(15)(16) and has been added to the list of socalled "club drugs" and drugs associated with sexual assault. Moore et al (12) Figure 3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Confirmation of all samples for KET was done using full-scan GC-MS with the lowest calibrator concentration 10 ng/mL and extraction from 5 mL of urine. Very recently Chou et al (15) applied both EI-GC-MS and PCI-GC-MS for detection of KET and NKET in urine after liquid-liquid extraction and derivatization with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride. In their study, EI-GC-MS provided much better LOQs for KET and NKET (13 and 9 ng/mL, respectively) than PCI-GC-MS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In another paper by Olmos-Carona et al (16), the LOD for KET in urine was 5 ng/mL. The increasing abuse of KET during the last few years has led many urine drug testing laboratories to consider adding KET screening to their programs (12,15). Not that long ago, the Neogen Corporation developed the first microplate enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for KET in urine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Ketamine and Norketamine in Urine of Nonhuman Primates after a Single Dose of Ketamine using Microplate Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and NCI-GC-MS

Negrusz

Adamowicz

Saini

et al. 2005

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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The general anesthetic ketamine (Ketalar | Ketaject, Vetalar) (KET) is used in human and veterinary medicine for induction of anesthesia for short surgical procedures and routine veterinary examination. Its illicit use by teenagers in rave parties has been reported, and it has recently been identified as a substance associated with sexual assault. One aim of this paper was to study the elimination of KET and its major metabolite norketamine (NKET) in urine collected from five nonhuman primates that received a single dose (5 mg/kg, I.M.) of KET and to study elimination patterns to determine how long after drug administration KET and NKET can be detected. Another aim of this study was to develop and validate a highly sensitive negative ion chemical ionization-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (NCI-GC-MS) method for the simultaneous quantitation of KET and its major metabolite NKET in urine and to analyze urine samples collected from the animals. The last aim of this study was to apply and evaluate a newly developed ELISA screening methodology for detection of KET and its metabolites in the same urine samples collected from primates which received a single dose of KET. In two monkeys, KET was detected in urine up to 3 days after drug administration (32-7070 ng/mL); in one monkey, it was detected up to 4 days (65-13,500 ng/mL); in one monkey, it was detected only on days 1 and 2 (4000 and 70 ng/mL, respectively); and in one monkey, it was detected 10 days after KET injection (22-35,000 ng/mL). NKET concentrations ranged from 63 pg/mL to 1.75 pg/mL, and it remained in the urine throughout the entire 35-day study period in 4 out of 5 animals. In one monkey, NKET was detected up to 31 days after KET administration. Urine analysis using ELISA revealed that KET and NKET can be easily detectable at 25 ng/mL. In one monkey, KET and its metabolites were detected in urine up to 4 days after drug administration, up to 7 days in two monkeys, up to 11 days in one monkey, and 16 days after KET injection in one monkey. Urine extraction followed by screening using ELISA methodology allowed for significant extension of the detection period in all animals from the study. It is believed that the KET elimination in urine of nonhuman primates is slightly faster than in humans. We propose that NCI-GC-MS be employed to detect NKET as a target compound in urine in toxicological investigations of drug-facilitated sexual assault when KET use by the perpetrator is suspected.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Ketamine and Norketamine in Urine of Nonhuman Primates after a Single Dose of Ketamine using Microplate Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and NCI-GC-MS

Negrusz

Adamowicz

Saini

et al. 2005

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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“…Until now, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has mainly been used for the analysis of ketamine and its metabolites (Chou et al, 2004;Ping et al, 2006;Wu et al, 2008). This method, though relatively sensitive, is time and resource-consuming because of the need for derivatization of the ketamine and norketamine to increase volatility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid detection of ketamine and norketamine in rat hair using micropulverized extraction and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Inagaki

Makino

Fukushima

et al. 2009

Biomedical Chromatography

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A new method for the rapid and simultaneous detection of ketamine and its major metabolite, norketamine, in rat hair has been developed by combining micropulverized extraction and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. By using reversed-phase UPLC, ketamine and norketamine were well separated within 2 min. Using ketamine-dosed rat hair, the conditions for micropulverized extraction were optimized, and the limits of detection and quantification of the developed method were found to be 1.7 and 5.7 pg/mg hair for ketamine, respectively. The precisions achieved with this method were slightly better than that obtained with conventional acidic methanol extraction method. Using this proposed method, analysis of the washed rat hair could be completed within 16-17 min. This method is expected to be applied for the analysis of the hair samples of not only rats but also ketamine abusers.

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“…However, compared to confirmatory GC-MS protocols which require some sort of chemical derivatization [24][25][26][27][28], rapid GC-MS profiling usually involves no chemical derivatization. At some forensic laboratories that have large routine sample volumes it is still common practice to dissolve MAÁHCl exhibits or crystals in a polar organic solvent such as methanol and inject directly an aliquot of the solution into a GC-MS without even alkalizing in advance the analyte from salt form into free-base form.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artifacts in the GC–MS profiling of underivatized methamphetamine hydrochloride

Giang

Hsu

et al. 2006

Forensic Science International

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Gas chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry preceded by liquid–liquid extraction and chemical derivatization for the determination of ketamine and norketamine in urine

Cited by 52 publications

References 26 publications

Detection of Ketamine and Norketamine in Urine of Nonhuman Primates after a Single Dose of Ketamine using Microplate Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and NCI-GC-MS

Detection of Ketamine and Norketamine in Urine of Nonhuman Primates after a Single Dose of Ketamine using Microplate Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and NCI-GC-MS

Rapid detection of ketamine and norketamine in rat hair using micropulverized extraction and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Artifacts in the GC–MS profiling of underivatized methamphetamine hydrochloride

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