Rapid detection of ketamine and norketamine in rat hair using micropulverized extraction and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract

A new method for the rapid and simultaneous detection of ketamine and its major metabolite, norketamine, in rat hair has been developed by combining micropulverized extraction and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. By using reversed-phase UPLC, ketamine and norketamine were well separated within 2 min. Using ketamine-dosed rat hair, the conditions for micropulverized extraction were optimized, and the limits of detection and quantification of the developed method were found to be 1.7 and 5.7 pg/mg hair for ketamine, respectively. The precisions achieved with this method were slightly better than that obtained with conventional acidic methanol extraction method. Using this proposed method, analysis of the washed rat hair could be completed within 16-17 min. This method is expected to be applied for the analysis of the hair samples of not only rats but also ketamine abusers.

The establishment of a highly sensitive method in detecting ketamine and norketamine simultaneously in human hairs by HPLC-Chip–MS/MS

“…For hair specimen, GC-MS and LC-MS/MS have been employed in ketamine testing: the detection limit was ranged from 0.1 ng/ mg to 1.7 ng/mg of hair, respectively [18][19][20]. Because of this relative low sensitivity, relative large amounts of hair (about 50 mg) have to be used for such analysis [21][22][23]. Here, a HPLCChip-MS/MS system was developed for the hair-drug testing.…”

Disposition of ketamine and norketamine in hair after a single dose

“…As can be expected from its pharmacological effects, ketamine has been used in DFCs [8]. Many methods and techniques have been developed, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [16][17][18], high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [19,20] and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) [21,22], to the analysis of ketamine in hair. Identification of ketamine and its metabolites in hair following chronic drug use has been documented previously [16,17,[20][21][22], but has rarely been documented after exposure to a single dose.…”

Determination of ketamine and its major metabolite, norketamine, in urine and plasma samples using microextraction by packed sorbent and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

“…Ketamine (K), one of the most widely used club drugs and a parenterally administered anesthetic agent, possesses sedative, amnesic and analgesic properties at sub-anesthetic doses [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Due to the rapid onset of effects and short duration of action, it has been used primarily as a veterinary anesthetic and in short-term surgical procedures in humans [2,6,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Ketamine is metabolized in the liver by microsomal cytochrome P450 system, yielding at least two compounds of pharmacological interest: norketamine (NK) and dehydronorketamine (DHNK).…”