Fruit Development, Maturation, and Ripening

Grierson, W.

doi:10.1201/9780203908426.ch7

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Esse conhecimento é essencial para auxiliar na determinação de práticas culturais, principalmente quanto ao estádio de maturação adequado para a colheita comercial (GRIERSON, 1995).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Rendimento de polpa e morfometria de frutos e sementes de pitangueira-do-cerrado

et al. 2010

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RESUMO -Os objetivos do trabalho foram quantificar o rendimento de polpa e avaliar caracteres morfofisiológicos de frutos e sementes de pitangueira-do-cerrado em diferentes colorações, de acordo com o estádio de maturação. Em novembro de 2006, frutos nas colorações verde, laranja, vermelho-clara e vermelho-escura, 50 de cada coloração, foram coletados de 20 matrizes na Reserva Ecológica do Clube Caça e Pesca Itororó no município de Uberlândia. Tais frutos e sementes extraídas dos mesmos foram medidos quanto ao comprimento e largura, além das massas das matérias fresca e seca da polpa. Em novembro de 2007, de 20 matrizes, determinou-se o rendimento de polpa. A distribuição t de "Student" foi utilizada para construir intervalos de confiança para comprimento, largura e massa das matérias fresca e seca de polpa, além de distribuições de frequência percentual para largura e comprimento de frutos e sementes. Grandes amplitudes foram observadas na morfometria dos frutos (8-20 mm de largura; 10-30 mm de comprimento) e das sementes (8-14 mm largura; 7-14 mm comprimento) da espécie, mesmo dentro do mesmo estádio de maturação. O rendimento de polpa foi de 59,1%, quando os frutos foram colhidos com coloração entre laranja e vermelho-clara. Termos para indexação: biometria, distribuição de frequência, Eugenia calycina, fruteira do Cerrado, maturação do fruto, Myrtaceae. PULP YIELD AND MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERS OF FRUIT AND SEED OF Eugenia calycinaABSTRACT -The objectives of the study were to quantify the yield of pulp and evaluate morpho-physiological characters of fruits and seeds of the Eugenia calycina in different colors according to the maturation stage. In November 2006, 50 fruits of each coloration: green, orange, bright-red and dark-red, were collected from 20 matrixes in the Ecological Reserve of the Itororó Fishing and Hunting Club in Uberlandia. Fruits and seeds extracted from them were measured for length and width, and the masses of fresh and dry matter of the pulp. In November 2007, pulp yield from 20 matrixes were determined. The distribution t for "Student" was used to build confidential intervals for length, width and masses of fresh and dry matter of the pulp, besides frequency distributions for length e width for fruits and seeds. Great ranges were observed in fruit morphometry (8-20 mm width; 10-30 mm length) and seeds (8-14 mm width; 7-14 mm length), even within the same maturation stage. The yield of pulp was 59.1%, when the fruits were harvested between orange and bright-red colorations.

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Section: Resultsunclassified

Rendimento de polpa e morfometria de frutos e sementes de pitangueira-do-cerrado

et al. 2010

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“…O conhecimento das fases do desenvolvimento de frutos é essencial para auxiliar na determinação de práticas culturais, principalmente quanto ao estádio de maturação adequado para a colheita comercial (Grierson, 1995). Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as fases do desenvolvimento do fruto da lichieira 'Bengal'.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Desenvolvimento do fruto da lichieira (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) 'Bengal'

Salomão

Siqueira

Pereira³

2006

Rev. Bras. Frutic.

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DESENVOLVIMENTO DO FRUTO DA LICHIEIRA (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) 'BENGAL' 1 LUIZ CARLOS CHAMHUM SALOMÃO 2 , DALMO LOPES DE SIQUEIRA 2 , MARCIO EDUARDO CANTO PEREIRA 3 RESUMO -Estudou-se o desenvolvimento do fruto da lichieira (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) 'Bengal'. Realizaram-se amostragens semanais, com início aos 35 dias após a antese e término no início da senescência dos frutos. A partir do 77 0 dia após a antese, os frutos foram decompostos em pericarpo, semente e arilo. A antese ocorreu na primeira semana de setembro. Foram ajustados modelos sigmoidais simples para acúmulo de matéria seca, comprimento e diâmetro. Para o acúmulo de matéria seca, uma fase inicial, de crescimento lento, prolongou-se até o 63 0 dia após a antese e coincidiu com um período de intensa queda natural de frutos. Do 63 0 ao 98 0 dia após a antese, houve uma fase de rápido acúmulo de matéria seca. Até o 77 0 dia, pericarpo e semente foram os principais responsáveis pelo acúmulo de matéria seca. Oitenta e oito por cento do comprimento e 65% do diâmetro máximos foram atingidos nesse período. Do 84 0 ao 98 0 dia após a antese, o desenvolvimento do fruto foi determinado basicamente pelo arilo. As dimensões e a matéria seca do fruto estabilizaram-se a partir do 98 0 dia após a antese. O ponto de colheita comercial dos frutos, caracterizado pela coloração avermelhada do pericarpo, ocorreu a partir do 112 0 dia após a antese. Verificou-se um quadro senescente nos frutos a partir do 119 0 dia após a antese. Termos para indexação: Litchi chinensis, inflorescência, fenologia, frutificação, maturação, colheita. FRUIT DEVELOPMENT IN 'BENGAL' LITCHI (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)ABSTRACT -It was studied the fruit development in 'Bengal' litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). The samples were taken weekly 35 days after anthesis until the beginning of fruit senescence. From the 77 th day after anthesis, fruits were decomposed in pericarp, aril and seed. Anthesis occurred in the first week of September. The fruit dry matter, length and diameter followed a single-sigmoid pattern. For dry matter accumulation, an initial phase, of slow growth, ended the 63 rd day after anthesis and was coincident with a period of intense fruit drop. The next phase occurred from the 63 rd to the 98 th day and showed a rapid dry matter accumulation. Until the 77 th day, the main increment in fruit dry matter was due to pericarp and seed growth. Eighty eight percent of the maximum length and 65% of the maximum diameter were reached at the end of this phase. From the 84 th until the 98 th day after anthesis, fruit growth was determined, basically, by aril. Fruit dimensions and dry matter were stabilized after the 98 th day. The commercial harvest of the fruits, characterized by the reddish color of the pericarp, occurred at the 112 th day after anthesis. Fruits at the 119 th day after anthesis were senescent.

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“…Different from carotenoids, TSS data are completely mixed up. TSS, which could be approximated to sugar content, depends on the ripening stage rather than on climate conditions [ 46 ]. From an NIR method development point of view, the presence of two distinct subsets for lycopene and β-carotene do not influence calibration performance, but on the contrary increase model robustness.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of Lycopene, β-Carotene, and Total Soluble Solids in Intact Red-Flesh Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Using On-Line Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Tamburini

Costa

Rugiero

et al. 2017

Sensors

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A great interest has recently been focused on lycopene and β-carotene, because of their antioxidant action in the organism. Red-flesh watermelon is one of the main sources of lycopene as the most abundant carotenoid. The use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in post-harvesting has permitted us to rapidly quantify lycopene, β-carotene, and total soluble solids (TSS) on single intact fruits. Watermelons, harvested in 2013–2015, were submitted to near-infrared (NIR) radiation while being transported along a conveyor belt system, stationary and in movement, and at different positions on the belt. Eight hundred spectra from 100 samples were collected as calibration set in the 900–1700 nm interval. Calibration models were performed using partial least squares (PLS) regression on pre-treated spectra (derivatives and SNV) in the ranges 2.65–151.75 mg/kg (lycopene), 0.19–9.39 mg/kg (β-carotene), and 5.3%–13.7% (TSS). External validation was carried out with 35 new samples and on 35 spectra. The PLS models for intact watermelon could predict lycopene with R2 = 0.877 and SECV = 15.68 mg/kg, β-carotene with R2 = 0.822 and SECV = 0.81 mg/kg, and TSS with R2 = 0.836 and SECV = 0.8%. External validation has confirmed predictive ability with R2 = 0.805 and RMSEP = 16.19 mg/kg for lycopene, R2 = 0.737 and RMSEP = 0.96 mg/kg for β-carotene, and R2 = 0.707 and RMSEP = 1.4% for TSS. The results allow for the market valorization of fruits.

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Fruit Development, Maturation, and Ripening

Cited by 10 publications

References 31 publications

Rendimento de polpa e morfometria de frutos e sementes de pitangueira-do-cerrado

Rendimento de polpa e morfometria de frutos e sementes de pitangueira-do-cerrado

Desenvolvimento do fruto da lichieira (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) 'Bengal'

Quantification of Lycopene, β-Carotene, and Total Soluble Solids in Intact Red-Flesh Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Using On-Line Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

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