Freeze–Thaw Effect on Road Concrete Containing Blast Furnace Slag: NMR Relaxometry Investigations

Nicula, Liliana Maria; Corbu, Ofelia; Ardelean, I.; Sandu, Andrei Victor; Iliescu, Mihai; Simedru, Dorina

doi:10.3390/ma14123288

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…According to the experimental results, all of the RDME, dynamic compressive strength, flexural strength, and splitting tensile strength decrease with the increase of freeze–thaw cycles, which is shown in Figure 10 , Figure 11 and Figure 14 , respectively. This is because the pores penetrate each other and form a continuous seepage channel, and finally lead to macroscopic damage (as shown in Figure 16 and Figure 17 ), which is in accordance with results from [ 31 , 34 , 35 , 46 ]. Moreover, the water–cement ratio has an important effect on the degradation of concrete strength under freeze–thaw cycles.…”

Section: Further Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…According to the theory of NMR, the Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) sequence is usually used to test the relaxation time information of cement-based materials [ 32 , 34 , 35 ]. Based on the NMR relaxation mechanism, for porous media, the transverse relaxation rate can be simply described as follows.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, LF-NMR technique is gradually and widely used as a new and rapid method to detect the microstructure of rocks [ 31 ], concrete [ 32 , 33 , 34 ], and other porous media [ 35 ]. The method is based on water as the medium and has many advantages such as non-destructive, non-invasive, fast testing speed, and accurate results, which has become a very powerful way to monitor the internal micro-structural changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties and Pore Structure Deterioration of Concrete under Freeze–Thaw Cycles

2021

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Understanding the evolution of mechanical properties and microscopic pore structure of concrete after freeze–thaw cycles is essential to assess the durability and safety of concrete structures. In this work, the degradation law of mechanical properties and damage characteristic of micro-structure of concrete with two water-cement ratios (w/c = 0.45 and 0.55) is investigated under the condition of freezing–thawing cycles. The influence of loading strain rate on dynamic compressive strength is studied. The microscopic pore structure after frost damage is measured by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) technique. Then, a damage model based on the porosity variation is established to quantitatively describe the degradation law of macroscopic mechanical properties. The test results show that the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity (RDME), dynamic compressive strength, flexural strength, and splitting tensile strength of concrete decrease with the increase of freeze–thaw cycles. Empirical relations of concrete dynamic increase factor (DIF) under the action of freeze–thaw cycles are proposed. Moreover, the experimental results of NMR indicate that the porosity as well as the proportion of meso-pores and macro-pores of concrete gradually increased with the increasing of freeze–thaw cycles. The research results can provide reference and experimental support for the anti-frost design theory and durability life prediction of hydraulic concrete structures in cold regions.

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Section: Further Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties and Pore Structure Deterioration of Concrete under Freeze–Thaw Cycles

2021

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“…Subsequently, it reacts with the C-A-S-H gel to form calcium carbonate [ 2 , 20 ]. Materials with a low Ca content do not decalcify, but the carbonation process of the N-A-S-H gel is associated with conversion of the pore solution from high alkalinity to a high concentration of sodium carbonate [ 2 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Admixtures on Durability and Physical-Mechanical Properties of Alkali-Activated Materials

2022

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The results of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) tests in alkali-activated systems show that, with its use, it is possible to produce promising materials with the required properties. Unfortunately, GGBS is becoming a scarce commodity on the market, so the effort is to partially replace its volume in these materials with other secondary materials, while maintaining the original properties. This paper focuses on a comparison of two basic types of mixtures. The first mixture was prepared only from ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and the second type of mixture was prepared with admixtures, where the admixtures formed a total of 30% (15% of the replacement was fly ash after denitrification—FA, and 15% of the replacement was cement by-pass dust—CBPD). These mixtures were prepared with varying amounts of activator and tested. The experiment monitored the development of strength over time and the influence of different types of aggressive environments on the strength characteristics. Thermal analysis and FTIR were used in the experiment to determine the degradation products. The paper provides an interesting comparison of the resistance results of different composites in aggressive environments and at the same time an evaluation of the behavior of individual mixtures in different types of aggressive environment. After 28 days of maturation, the highest strengths were obtained with mixtures with the lowest doses of activator. The difference in these compressive strengths was around 25% in favor of the mixtures with only GGBS; in the case of flexural strength, this difference was around 23%. The largest decreases in strength were achieved in the XA3 environment. This environment contains the highest concentration of sulfate ions according to the EN 206-1 standard. The decreases in compressive strength were 40–45%, compared to the same old reference series. The surface degraded due to sulfate ions. Calcium sulphate dihydrate was identified by FTIR, thermal analysis and SEM as a degradation product.

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“…Another frequently used SCM is the ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The use of GGBS as partial replacement of cement in mortar or concrete leads to increased values of the mechanical properties, increased abrasion resistance, and lower permeability [9]. This has direct influence on the long-term durability of concrete which necessitates less maintenance works.…”

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confidence: 99%

Progress in Sustainability and Durability of Concrete and Mortar Composites

Corbu

Toma

2022

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Freeze–Thaw Effect on Road Concrete Containing Blast Furnace Slag: NMR Relaxometry Investigations

Cited by 16 publications

References 43 publications

Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties and Pore Structure Deterioration of Concrete under Freeze–Thaw Cycles

Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties and Pore Structure Deterioration of Concrete under Freeze–Thaw Cycles

Effect of Admixtures on Durability and Physical-Mechanical Properties of Alkali-Activated Materials

Progress in Sustainability and Durability of Concrete and Mortar Composites

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