Formulation of mouth rinse from the essential oils of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and its inhibitory efficacy on the growth of Streptococcus mutans – in vitro

Abstract

Introduction: Essentials oil of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel has high activity in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The objective of this research was to determine the formulation of mouth rinse from the essential oils of lime (C. aurantifolia) with the highest inhibitory and on the growth of S. mutans. Methods: This research was an experimental in-vitro study. The sample used was the lime (C. aurantifolia) peel waste peel using hydrodistillation technique; testing of the essential oil quality was performed using 100°C distilled water for 3 hours; organoleptic test and physical mouth rinse formula test was also conducted. Mouth rinse formulations were made from the essential oils in the concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, and 20%. Mouth rinse activity was tested with optical density. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined with microdilution. Results: Essential oil mouth rinse formulation showed antibacterial activity at the concentrations of 2, 4, 8, 10, and 20% (formulations I-IV); the recommended mouth rinse concentration was 4% (formulation III) due to its highest antibacterial. Formulation IV showed the highest minimum inhibitory concentration value of 5.2 mg/mL (0.52%) and the safe minimum bactericidal concentration of 0.4 mg/mL (1.04). Conclusion: Mouth rinse formulation from essential oils of lime (C. aurantifolia) peel begins to show inhibition of the growth of S. mutans bacteria at the concentration of 2% essential oils (formulation II), with inhibition against the growth of S. mutans is 7.08. The formula shows a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 5.2 mg/mL (0.52%) and 10.4 mg/mL (1.04), respectively.

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“…Mekanisme kerja tanin sebagai antibakteri yaitu menghambat enzim reverse transkriptase dan DNA topoisomerase sehingga sel bakteri tidak dapat terbentuk. 27,28 Kandungan dari daun singkong yang berperan dalam antiinflamasi dan antibakteri ini menyebabkan sel-sel inflamasi yang bermigrasi menjadi terbatas, ekspresi MMP-8 dapat ditekan, dan tanda-tanda klinis peradangan pun berkurang. Dengan demikian, ekstrak daun singkong ini efektif menurunkan ekspresi MMP-8 sehingga tidak menyebabkan degradasi kolagen yang lebih besar dan dapat menekan gejala klinis periodontitis.…”

The antibacterial effect of β-pinene derived from Citrus aurantifolia against oral Streptococcus mutans

“…It was reported that the peel of C. aurantifolia comprise of various benefits such as antibacterial effect. 11 Pavithra et al (2009) reported the active compounds that responsible as antibacterial in Citrus peels oil, encompassing the monoterpenes component. 12 The essential oils generated from C. aurantifolia have been applied in mouthwash and showed the ability to inhibit S. mutans growth.…”

A study of anti-plaque efficacy and taste perception of Calendula officinalis mouth rinse

“…Modern society nowadays realises that natural-based mouth rinse, such as lime peel essential oil-based mouth rinse is relatively safer to use for a long term period on a daily basis. 10 Calendula officinalis is the experimental sample in this study, is widely cultivated as a herb it is a remarkable healing agent and even useful to act as homeopathic remedies. Its extract has been used in Europe since before the 12 th century primarily as a topical antiinflammatory agent.…”