Formulation and characterization of propolis and tea tree oil nanoemulsion loaded with clindamycin hydrochloride for wound healing: In-vitro and in-vivo wound healing assessment

Abstract

This study aimed to develop propolis and tea tree oil nanoemulsion loaded with clindamycin hydrochloride to heal wound effectively. Nanoemulsion formulae were prepared and characterized by droplet size analysis, zeta potential, viscosity, ex-vivo permeation, and skin deposition. The optimal formula was evaluated in terms of morphology, cytotoxicity, and in-vitro wound healing assay. Also, the efficacy of the optimal formula was evaluated by in-vivo wound healing and histopathological studies. The optimal formula (F3) was composed of 9% tea tree oil and 0.4% propolis extracts with mean droplet size 19.42 ± 1.7 nm, zeta potential value −24.5 ± 0.2 mV, and viscosity 69.4 ± 1.8 mP. Furthermore, the optimal formula showed the highest skin deposition value 550.00 ± 4.9 µg/cm 2 compared to other formulae. The TEM micrograph of the optimal formula showed that the nanoemulsion droplet has an almost spherical shape. Also, the optimal formula did not show noticeable toxicity to the human skin fibroblast cells. The in-vitro and in-vivo wound healing assay showed unexpected results that the un-loaded drug nanoemulsion formula had a comparable wound healing efficacy to the drug-loaded nanoemulsion formula. These results were confirmed with histopathological studies. Our results showed that the propolis and tea tree oil nanoemulsion, whether loaded or unloaded with an antibiotic, is an efficient local therapy for wound healing.

Utilization of propranolol hydrochloride mucoadhesive invasomes as a locally acting contraceptive: in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo evaluation

“…The pH of PNL- gel and the optimum INVs loaded gel was evaluated, in triplicate, using a calibrated pH meter (Hanna, type 211, Romania). The average reading was recorded (Abdellatif et al., 2021 ).…”

“…All the experiments were made in three times. The spindle was maintained at 30 r.p.m and 60 s − 1 as a shear rate (Abdellatif et al., 2021 ).…”

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Transdermal Drug Delivery

“…Also, small-sized nanoparticles easily penetrate the stratum corneum following intracellular pathways. The polydispersity index is usually preferred to be less than 0.3, which indicates a unimodal size distribution and minimal chances of predisposition to the aggregation [33]. The particle size of NLCs is usually affected by the ratio of solid to liquid lipids [1].…”

Tanshinone IIA loaded bioactive nanoemulsion for alleviation of lipopolysaccharide induced acute lung injury via inhibition of endothelial glycocalyx shedding

“…It was previously shown that TTO inhalation exerts a strong anti‐inflammatory effect on the immune system [27] . However, pharmaceutical application of TTO is limited due to its volatility, instability upon exposure to light or oxygen, hydrophobicity, and hence formulation difficulties [28] . Therefore, its formulation at the nanoscale provides an efficient method to enhance physical stability via protection against volatilization and environmental reactivity [28] .…”

“…However, pharmaceutical application of TTO is limited due to its volatility, instability upon exposure to light or oxygen, hydrophobicity, and hence formulation difficulties [28] . Therefore, its formulation at the nanoscale provides an efficient method to enhance physical stability via protection against volatilization and environmental reactivity [28] . TTO was previously successfully formulated as NEs to enhance its stability [28] , [29] .…”