This study aimed to develop propolis and tea tree oil nanoemulsion loaded with clindamycin hydrochloride to heal wound effectively. Nanoemulsion formulae were prepared and characterized by droplet size analysis, zeta potential, viscosity, ex-vivo permeation, and skin deposition. The optimal formula was evaluated in terms of morphology, cytotoxicity, and in-vitro wound healing assay. Also, the efficacy of the optimal formula was evaluated by in-vivo wound healing and histopathological studies. The optimal formula (F3) was composed of 9% tea tree oil and 0.4% propolis extracts with mean droplet size 19.42 ± 1.7 nm, zeta potential value −24.5 ± 0.2 mV, and viscosity 69.4 ± 1.8 mP. Furthermore, the optimal formula showed the highest skin deposition value 550.00 ± 4.9 µg/cm 2 compared to other formulae. The TEM micrograph of the optimal formula showed that the nanoemulsion droplet has an almost spherical shape. Also, the optimal formula did not show noticeable toxicity to the human skin fibroblast cells. The in-vitro and in-vivo wound healing assay showed unexpected results that the un-loaded drug nanoemulsion formula had a comparable wound healing efficacy to the drug-loaded nanoemulsion formula. These results were confirmed with histopathological studies. Our results showed that the propolis and tea tree oil nanoemulsion, whether loaded or unloaded with an antibiotic, is an efficient local therapy for wound healing.

Hygienic behavior of honeybee workers involves inspection, uncapping and removal of diseased and dead brood from the colony cells. The present study was conducted to clarify the effect of three compounds as therapy treatments against certain disease and pests on honey bee workers hygienic behavior as percentage in the presence of pin-killed brood. Colonies were more efficient in the removal activity of dead brood, 24 hours after application. The removal activity of dead brood was significantly higher after treatment as compared with that recoded before treatment, being 5.00, 3.67 and 4.33 % after using marjoram oil, oxalic acid and Oxytetracycline (Terramycin ), respectively. The corresponding percentages before treatment were 17.33, 14.00, and 13.67 % of brood, respectively.

The role of season activity, food regimes and worker's age of honey bee colonies on royal jelly production were studied during 2005 and 2006 seasons using honey bee colonies headed with open mated local carnica queens, Apis mellifera carnica.The results showed that the amounts of produced royal jelly were highly significantly affected by the rearing season. The amounts of royal jelly could be arranged descendingly according to rearing season: spring (11.20 g. / colony; 220 mg. / cup), summer (9.04 g. / colony; 200 mg / cup), autumn (6.06 g. / colony; 170 mg / cup) and winter (4.70 g. / colony; 140 mg / cup). Good rebuilding of the colonies obtained in spring, followed by summer, autumn and winter. This means that spring considered as the most appropriate season for royal jelly production followed by summer season.Feeding the colonies on food containing the main necessary elements (honey, and pollen), would give higher amount of royal jelly (9.5 g. / colony; 180 mg/ cup), compared with a colony fed on honey only that produced 7.40 g. / colony; 210 mg / cup.It is advisable to use housed worker honey bees (young bees) to obtain reasonable amount of royal jelly (6.04 g / colony; 200 mg / cup) as compared with the colonies having field worker honey bees (old bees), which recorded 2.96 g. / colony; 153 mg /cup.