Although previous studies have examined the relationship between tax avoidance and corporate social responsibility, there is no evidence for this relationship in emerging economies, including Egypt that characterized by a weak institutional, enforcement systems and investor protection and a high level of corruption. Therefore, this research examines the relationship between tax avoidance and the level of corporate social responsibility disclosure and show how both have an impact on the firm value.The topic of this research is rarely investigated in the academic and business literature which is whether the level of tax avoidance influences corporate social responsibility and in turn firm value. Using a research sample of 36 non-financial listed firms during the period 2012-2018, the researcher run six multiple regression models to examine the impact of tax avoidance and corporate social responsibility, Tobin's Q ratio and firm size on firm value using the financial performance as a moderator variable (measured using margin, current ratio, asset turnover, inventory turnover, profit gross margin, ROE, ROA). The statistical results found that gross profit margin, return on assets and Tobin's Q ratio have a positive significant impact on tax avoidance, while current ratio, asset turnover, inventory turnover, return on equity and firm size have a significant negative relationship with tax avoidance. In addition findings shows that current ratio and return on equity have a positive significant impact on corporate social responsibility, while asset turnover, return on assets, Tobin's Q ratio and firm size have a significant negative relationship with corporate social responsibility. Moreover, tax avoidance, corporate responsibility social, Tobin's Q ratio and firm size found to have a positive significant impact on firm value.While corporate tax policy is generally considered separate from corporate social responsibility policy, tax evasion has greatly affected the social agenda of the company and in turns its value. Results indicate that companies involved in tax avoidance strategies are likely to increase corporate social responsibility disclosures. These results are consistent with the legitimacy theory that companies increase ESG disclosures to alleviate community concerns about low tax payments and build legitimacy.

This research aims to examine how the Board of Director's characteristics (Board Duality, Board Independence and Board Size) and financial performance of the firm affect its capital structure using tax aggressiveness as a moderating variable. To the firm and the shareholders, taxes normally considered as an additional cost as it reduces the available cash flow, that's why firm's tends to apply different tax aggressiveness techniques in strategic tax planning to decrease tax liability and legitimate saving of taxes. The sample used is 58 Egyptian listed companies during the period 2015-2019. This research runs five multiple regression models to examine the relationships between research variables. The statistical results indicate that CEOD and board independence have a positive significant impact on company' capital structure, while board size have a significant negative relationship with capital structure. Moreover, results shows that ROA, current ratio and asset turn over have a negative significant impact on company' capital structure, while ROE have a significant positive relationship with capital structure. In addition, findings show that CEOD and firm size have a positive significant impact on company' tax aggressiveness, while board independence has a significant negative relationship with tax aggressiveness.

This research aims to investigate the association between operational efficiency and financial performance of the company on capital structure which is indicated in terms of the relative balance of the company financing sources using the earning management as a moderator variable in the process of management decision making regarding the enhancing the balance of the firm capital structure. We use a sample of 65 listed non-financial companies in the Egyptian Stock Exchange (EGX) during the 7 years (2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019). Three panel models for estimating the three multiple linear panel regression equations used in this research to test the impact of operational efficiency, ROA, ROE, gross profit margin, current ratio, asset turnover, inventory turnover, Tobin's Q ratio and firm size on capital structure using the earnings management as a moderator variable. Findings indicate that ROE, gross profit margin and firm size have a positive significant impact on company' capital structure, while operational efficiency, ROA, Tobin's Q ratio and all liquidity ratios used in the first regression model (current ratio, asset turnover and inventory turnover) have a significant negative relationship with capital structure. Moreover, findings indicate that the firm' operational efficiency, gross profit margin and Tobin's Q ratio have a positive significant impact on company' earnings management, while ROA, ROE and all liquidity ratios used in the second regression model (current ratio, asset turnover and inventory turnover) have a significant negative relationship with earnings management. Finally, the statistical results shows that all the variables used in the third regression model namely, earnings management, Tobin's Q ratio and firm size have a significant negative relationship with the capital structure of the firm.

Good corporate governance mechanism implementation will consistently strengthen the firm's competitive position, maximizing the firm value, and managing its resources and risks more efficiently, which consequently will lead to strengthen the trust of the firm's stakeholders. Hence, they can operate and grow sustainablyThe main aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms mainly board characteristics (namely: CEO duality, board size and board independence) on firm value using profitability as an intermediate variable in the Egyptian listed non-financial companies. Using a research sample of 45 firms during the period 2015-2020, we run six multiple regression models to test the impact of CEO duality, board independence, board size, gross profit margin, ROA, ROE and Tobin's Q and firm size as a control variables on firm value. Consistent the results reported by many previous researchers, we found that CEOD, Tobin's Q and firm size have a positive significant impact on company's profitability, while board independence has a significant negative relationship with company's profitability. Moreover, Findings shows that corporate social responsibility, Tobin's Q and firm size have a positive significant impact on company's profitability. In addition, the statistical results show that corporate social responsibility, board characteristics as required by corporate governance practices, Tobin's Q and firm size have a positive significant impact on firm value.The statistical results support the literature and previous scholars indicated for the association between corporate governance mechanism and CSR based on the firm financial performance as a moderator in different causal directions. If governance entities assumed that social responsible decisions enhance the firm's financial performance. In other words, there is a positive relationship between firm financial performance and CSR hence, effective governance mechanisms may promote CSR. This research shows that there is a positive association between CSR and firm value when taking into consideration both stakeholder theory and reputation theory. The statistical results indicate that effective corporate governance mechanisms improve nonfinancial or the social outcomes, namely CSR as the effective monitoring by shareholders and independent boards has a positive impact on CSR.

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This empirical research is the first which examine the relationship of "ownership structure-performance-leverage-dividend". Thus this research aims to observe the link between these variables for the interest of shareholders, potential investors, and managers. The ownership structure of a firm is examined for its link with its performance, capital structure and other decision making. In this research paper, the main aims are to identify and explore the accounting disclosure of three defined ownership structure, the public ordinary ownership (free float shares) (FF), the strategic (managerial) ownership (SS), and the investment held ownership (IH) and also seek to investigate and examine how the ownership structure of companies influence corporate financial performance (profitability and liquidity), leverage and dividend policy using earnings per share (EPS), total assets (TA) and industry type (IND) as control variables. Data used in the analysis were collected from the annual financial statements. dimensions. In the reserach the time series data of different variables related to Ownership structure, firm's performance and dividend policy of the companies is used. Four multiple linear regression analysis are used to test the research hypotheses. The sample used examines the effect of three types of ownership structure of companies other than financial ones as independent variables on return on equity ratio, current ratio, debt/equity ratio, dividend yield ratio as dependent variables of 116 companies listed on the Egyptian Stock Exchange between 2012-2017.

The role of season activity, food regimes and worker's age of honey bee colonies on royal jelly production were studied during 2005 and 2006 seasons using honey bee colonies headed with open mated local carnica queens, Apis mellifera carnica.The results showed that the amounts of produced royal jelly were highly significantly affected by the rearing season. The amounts of royal jelly could be arranged descendingly according to rearing season: spring (11.20 g. / colony; 220 mg. / cup), summer (9.04 g. / colony; 200 mg / cup), autumn (6.06 g. / colony; 170 mg / cup) and winter (4.70 g. / colony; 140 mg / cup). Good rebuilding of the colonies obtained in spring, followed by summer, autumn and winter. This means that spring considered as the most appropriate season for royal jelly production followed by summer season.Feeding the colonies on food containing the main necessary elements (honey, and pollen), would give higher amount of royal jelly (9.5 g. / colony; 180 mg/ cup), compared with a colony fed on honey only that produced 7.40 g. / colony; 210 mg / cup.It is advisable to use housed worker honey bees (young bees) to obtain reasonable amount of royal jelly (6.04 g / colony; 200 mg / cup) as compared with the colonies having field worker honey bees (old bees), which recorded 2.96 g. / colony; 153 mg /cup.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the interaction and the nature of relation between corporate dividend policy, earnings per share and the market price of the stock and planning of the corporate toward tax aggressiveness using interest coverage ratio as an intermediary variable. Ordinary least square regression model has been applied on panel data, it has been used to examine the required impact and to see how tax aggressiveness is significantly -and in what direction -affected by the management decision (agency theory) toward dividends payout and how the earnings per share and stock market price affect the tax planning in Egypt using a sample of 48 non-financial listed companies for the period of 2012-2019. This research runs three multiple regression models to examine the relationships between research variables. In cross-sectional tests, the statistical results indicate that earnings per share have a positive significant impact on interest coverage, while dividend payout, return on assets, return on equity and gross profit margin have a significant negative relationship with interest coverage.The findings revealed that also that dividend payout; earnings per share, return on assets and gross profit margin have a positive significant impact on tax aggressiveness, while stock market price and return on equity have a significant negative relationship with tax aggressiveness. Furthermore, it was found that return on assets and gross profit margin have a positive significant impact on tax aggressiveness, while interest coverage and return on equity have a significant negative relationship with tax aggressiveness.These results are important for investors who are most concern about the financial conditions of firms they are planning to invest in especially in emerging markets like Egypt. Firm's financial conditions determine the associated risks and, in turn the required rate of returns in terms of dividends payout and the share market price.