Formulating diets based on whole cassava tuber (

Abstract

Context Formulating rations with high energy and protein feeds such as cassava tuber and gliricidia, is an important strategy to increase liveweight gain (LWG) of bulls and improve profitability of smallholder farmers in Indonesia. Aims Two on-farm experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of increasing the supplementation level of a mixture of cassava (Manihot esculenta) whole root tuber powder and fresh gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) on feed intake and LWG of Ongole and Bali bulls given fresh corn stover and elephant grass, respectively. Methods Two experiments were conducted, each with five treatments: a basal diet of fresh corn stover (Experiment 1 for Ongole bulls) or elephant grass (Experiment 2 for Bali bulls) fed ad libitum or this diet supplemented with a combination of cassava tuber (whole root tuber including peel, sun-dried and ground) and fresh, chopped gliricidia (1:1) on estimated dry matter (DM) basis, at DM levels of 0.4, 0.8, 1,2 and 1.6% liveweight (LW)/day. Each experiment was run for 18 weeks, consisting of a two week adaptation and 16 week experimental period. Parameters measured included basal DM intake, supplement DM intake, total DM intake, total water intake, faecal pH, daily LWG, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and income over feed cost (IOFC). Key results Increasing supplement level linearly (P < 0.05) decreased basal diet intake, but linearly increased total DM intake and LWG (P < 0.05) in both breeds. Basal diet DM intake was reduced at the rate of 0.43 kg/kg of supplement DM consumed for both Ongole and Bali bulls. Water intake and faecal pH were not affected (P > 0.05) by increasing supplement intake. Inclusion of cassava tuber and gliricidia supplement up to 1.6% LW/day, increased total feed DM intake (up to 3.28 and 3.18% LW/day, for Ongole and Bali bulls, respectively) and LWG (maximum Ongole bulls 0.69 kg/day and Bali bulls 0.46 kg/day). Daily income over feed cost (IOFC) increased significantly (P < 0.05) in association with increased supplement intake in both Experiments 1 and 2. Using the derived model without supplementation, the value of IOFC was only IDR 7802/day and IDR 7687/day, for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The highest IOFC was achieved at a supplement intake of 1.6% LW/day with values of IDR 13949/day and IDR 12543/day for Experiments 1 and 2 respectively. Conclusions The addition of a cassava tuber and gliricidia mixture up to 1.6% LW/day increased LWG and profit for smallholders fattening bulls. Implications Formulating a ration with cassava tuber and gliricidia can be economically beneficial in cattle fattening systems in Indonesia.

Utilising Gliricidia sepium leaf meal as a protein substitute in cassava-based supplements to increase average daily gain of Ongole bulls and income of smallholder farmers

“…The ADG of Ongole bulls maintained under the CFS was 0.31 kg/head with feed intake of 1.8% LW/day (Table 3). These ADG and intake values are similar to those reported by Wiyatna et al (2012) in a very similar production system with Ongole bulls (ADG of 0.25 kg/head with a feed intake of 1.3% LW/day) and Marsetyo et al (2021) with fresh corn stover (0.31 kg/head). Supplementation increased the ADG to 0.60-0.75 kg/head (Table 3), which Table 3.…”

“…The feed intake in supplemented treatments (R 1 , R 2 and R 3 ) ranged from 5.58 to 6.29 kg/head per day, which was similar to Lestari et al (2011) who reported that the feed intake of Ongole bulls of similar LW, could reach 6.42 kg/ head per day. Intake in treatments R 1 , R 2 and R 3 ranged from 2.38 to 2.69% LW/day, which was lower than Marsetyo et al (2021) who recorded an intake of 3.28% LW/day in Ongole bulls supplemented with cassava powder and fresh G. sepium. Marsetyo et al (2021) offered a similar supplement at 1.6% LW/day, whereas in this experiment, concentrates were given at 1% LW/day.…”

“…Intake in treatments R 1 , R 2 and R 3 ranged from 2.38 to 2.69% LW/day, which was lower than Marsetyo et al (2021) who recorded an intake of 3.28% LW/day in Ongole bulls supplemented with cassava powder and fresh G. sepium. Marsetyo et al (2021) offered a similar supplement at 1.6% LW/day, whereas in this experiment, concentrates were given at 1% LW/day. There appeared to be no substitution of the basal forage in this experiment under a supplement level of 1% LW, and this facilitated the high response in the ADG (up to 0.7 kg/day) to supplement.…”

Use of spineless cactus associated with legume hay in the feedlot-finishing of lambs in semi-arid regions

“…When used in the form of hay, legumes can be a strategic reserve of fiber and protein for prolonged periods of drought [ 13 ]. Some of the main legumes used in the Brazilian semi-arid region are gliricidia ( Gliricidia sepium ), “catingueira” ( Caesalpinia bracteosa ), “sabiá” ( Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth ) and “catanduva” ( Piptadenia moniliformis Benth ), due to important characteristics for animal production such as perenniality, high crude protein content (>16%) and average ruminal dry matter degradability of 50–60% [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Effect of Protected Calcium Salts of Fatty Acid-Amino Acid on Growth Rate of Young Ongole Crossbred Bulls

“…At the highest level of supplement, the bulls required less feed/kg LWG. Our results were within the range reported in the previous studies in Ongole crossbred bulls offered cassava tuber and Gliricidia sp., the FCR was 18 kg feed DM/kg LWG (Marsetyo et al 2021) and in Ongole crossbred bulls fed elephant grass adlibitum, the FCR was 24 kg feed DM/kg LWG (Antari et al 2016).…”