Context Formulating rations with high energy and protein feeds such as cassava tuber and gliricidia, is an important strategy to increase liveweight gain (LWG) of bulls and improve profitability of smallholder farmers in Indonesia. Aims Two on-farm experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of increasing the supplementation level of a mixture of cassava (Manihot esculenta) whole root tuber powder and fresh gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) on feed intake and LWG of Ongole and Bali bulls given fresh corn stover and elephant grass, respectively. Methods Two experiments were conducted, each with five treatments: a basal diet of fresh corn stover (Experiment 1 for Ongole bulls) or elephant grass (Experiment 2 for Bali bulls) fed ad libitum or this diet supplemented with a combination of cassava tuber (whole root tuber including peel, sun-dried and ground) and fresh, chopped gliricidia (1:1) on estimated dry matter (DM) basis, at DM levels of 0.4, 0.8, 1,2 and 1.6% liveweight (LW)/day. Each experiment was run for 18 weeks, consisting of a two week adaptation and 16 week experimental period. Parameters measured included basal DM intake, supplement DM intake, total DM intake, total water intake, faecal pH, daily LWG, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and income over feed cost (IOFC). Key results Increasing supplement level linearly (P < 0.05) decreased basal diet intake, but linearly increased total DM intake and LWG (P < 0.05) in both breeds. Basal diet DM intake was reduced at the rate of 0.43 kg/kg of supplement DM consumed for both Ongole and Bali bulls. Water intake and faecal pH were not affected (P > 0.05) by increasing supplement intake. Inclusion of cassava tuber and gliricidia supplement up to 1.6% LW/day, increased total feed DM intake (up to 3.28 and 3.18% LW/day, for Ongole and Bali bulls, respectively) and LWG (maximum Ongole bulls 0.69 kg/day and Bali bulls 0.46 kg/day). Daily income over feed cost (IOFC) increased significantly (P < 0.05) in association with increased supplement intake in both Experiments 1 and 2. Using the derived model without supplementation, the value of IOFC was only IDR 7802/day and IDR 7687/day, for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The highest IOFC was achieved at a supplement intake of 1.6% LW/day with values of IDR 13949/day and IDR 12543/day for Experiments 1 and 2 respectively. Conclusions The addition of a cassava tuber and gliricidia mixture up to 1.6% LW/day increased LWG and profit for smallholders fattening bulls. Implications Formulating a ration with cassava tuber and gliricidia can be economically beneficial in cattle fattening systems in Indonesia.
This research was carried out on-farm at Malonas village, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia to examine the effect of high level supplementation of by-products formulated for high ME and CP. Feed intake, faecal pH and liveweight gain of Bali bulls was observed. The basal diet was elephant grass, and supplements were rice bran (RB), cassava (C), palm kernel meal (PKM), gliricidia (G) and urea. Fifty Bali bulls (weight 168±4.48 kg) were housed in individual pens for 18 weeks (2 introductory and 16 experimental) and allocated into five treatments: A= elephant grass (EG) ad libitum, B= EG offered at 1%W/d, plus 2.5%W/d mixed RB:G, (1:1), C = EG offered at 1%W/d plus 2.5%W/d mixed RB:PKM(1:1), D = EG offered at 1%W/d plus 2.5%W/d mixed C:G (1:1), E = EG offered at 1%W/d plus 2.5%W/d mixed C+ urea: PKM (1:1). Faecal pH was measured at weeks 3, 9 and 15. Bali bulls fed B, C, D and E, consumed supplement at the rate of 2.15, 2.19, 2.09 and 2.29 %W/d, respectively. Total feed intake was 2.47, 2.98, 2.99, 2.93, 3.13%W/d, liveweight gain was 0.30, 0.57, 0.60, 0.66, 0.69 g/d and faecal pH was 6.93, 6.76, 6.65, 6.45, 6.33 for treatment A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. Supplementation increased significantly (P<0.05) total feed intake, liveweight gain, but reduced faecal pH. The highest total feed intake and liveweight gain was achieved by treatment E. It is concluded that cassava can be provided at 1.15%W/d in combination with protein supplement for high liveweight gain of Bali bulls.
Storage of rice bran (RB) at anaerobic conditions is the potential way to reduce phytic acid (PA) and stabilize the nutrient contents. This study was aimed to examine the effect of fermentation without or with lactic acid bacteria (LAB)) and storage time on the PA, in vitro dry matter digestibility, and nutrient content of RB. A factorial completely randomized design was used in this study. The first factor was the fermentation method, RB with no fermentation (M0), with fermentation without LAB (M1), with fermentation plus LAB (M2). The second factor was storage time, namely 0 (S1), 5 (S2), 10 (S3), and 15 (S4) weeks. Each unit was repeated 4 times. Parameters measured include phytic acid (PA), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), crude protein (CP), and crude fiber (CF) contents. A two-way analysis of variance was employed to determine the significant effect of the treatment. For PA the interaction between method and storage time and the main effects were all significant (P < 0.01). For IVDMD, only the fermentation method affected significantly (P < 0.05), with M0 as the lowest and M2 as the highest at all storage time. However, the CP content of RB was not affected significantly (P > 0.05) by treatment. In addition, the CF content of rice bran was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by an interaction between method and storage time but significantly reduced (P < 0.01) by the method of fermentation. It was concluded that fermentation with the addition of LAB anaerobically decreased anti-nutrient content, increased the feeding and nutritive value of RB.
An experiment was done to examine the effect of the addition of different legume leaves on live weight gain, change in body dimension, and condition score of Donggala bulls fed corn stover (CS). Twenty-eight Donggala bulls (initial body weight (BW) 179.48±3.66 kg) were blocked by BW in a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments and 7 replicates. The treatments were CS ad libitum, CS plus Desmanthus virgatus (CSD), CS plus Gliricidia sepium (CSG), and CS plus Leucaena leucocephala (CSL). All supplements were offered at level 1% BW dry matter (DM)/day. The experiment was run for 16 weeks, with 2 and 14 weeks for the introduction and measurement period, respectively. The parameters observed include average daily live weight gain (ADG), wither height, heart girth, body length, and body condition score (BCS). It was observed that the addition of different tree legumes leaves lifted up significantly (P<0.05) ADG, change in heart girth, BCS but did not affect significantly (P>0.05) change of wither height and body length of Donggala bulls fed CS. The addition of Leucaena resulted in the highest increase (P<0.05) in ADG, change of heart girth, and BCS. It was concluded that supplementation of tree legume leaves increased the growth performance of Donggala bulls fed CS.
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