Formerly-Addicted-Now-Controlled Opiate Users

Harding, Wayne M.; Zinberg, Norman E.; Stelmack, Shirley M.

doi:10.3109/10826087109045543

Cited by 44 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Two recent papers from our laboratory describe the behavior of such smokers, who have been labeled "tobacco chippers" (Shiffman 1989;Shiftman et al 1990). (The term "chippers" originally referred to opiate users who did not become addicted ;Powell 1973;Zinberg and Jacobson 1976;Harding et al 1980.) Shiffman (1989) documented the existence of tobacco chippers (operationally defined as those who typically smoke five or fewer cigarettes per day) and found that they do not suffer withdrawal symptoms upon overnight deprivation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine elimination and tolerance in non-dependent cigarette smokers

et al. 1992

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Although most smokers are nicotine-dependent, recent studies suggest that some very light smokers ("chippers", who smoke fewer than five cigarettes per day) may smoke for decades without developing dependence. It was considered that slowed nicotine elimination and/or reduced nicotine tolerance might underlie chippers' ability to maintain smoking at such low levels. To evaluate this hypothesis, we studied the elimination kinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicotine in chippers and matched regular smokers. Plasma nicotine levels and cardiovascular responses were observed for several hours after subjects were administered uniform doses of tobacco smoke. Chippers did show less chronic nicotine tolerance, but only on some response measures. Their rates of nicotine elimination equaled those of regular smokers. This finding, when coupled with other data about chippers' smoking patterns and nicotine absorption, establish that chippers cannot maintain substantial plasma nicotine levels between cigarettes, and thus suggest that attempts to maintain minimal trough levels of nicotine do not underlie chippers' smoking.

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confidence: 99%

Nicotine elimination and tolerance in non-dependent cigarette smokers

et al. 1992

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“…Evidence of controlled use among subjects who reported previous physical dependence has been reported by several commentators (Zinberg & Harding, 1979;Zinberg, 1979;Harding & Zinberg, 1980;Stimson & Oppenheimer, 1982;Willie, 1983). Willie reported that eight subjects (20%) used heroin occasionally, with frequencies ranging from once a week to once a month, after ceasing to be physically dependent.…”

Section: Studies Of 'Controlled' Use Of Heroinmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The regulatory function of social rituals and sanctions among drug using peers identified by Powell (1973) has figured significantly in studies of patterns of heroin use , 1979Zinberg, 1979;Harding et al, 1980;Zinberg, 1984). In these studies, controlled users were defined as those who may develop and maintain a regulated pattern of drug use in circumstances of their own choosing: that is.…”

Section: Social Rituals and Sanctions As Regulatory Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Heroin Use: what do we know?

Harding

1988

British Journal of Addiction

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“…Dans notre société, on n'admet pas qu'un individu puisse avoir une consommation «contrôlée» d'héroïne, au même titre qu'un autre prendra seulement quelques verres d'alcool. Notons que certains auteurs abordent cette question : Zinberg, Jacobson et Harding, 1975;Zinberg et Jacobson, 1976;Harding, Zinberg, Stelmack et Barry, 1980. De plus, tout le «folklore» qui entoure la question de l'héroïne nourrit la conception erronée qui veut que tout usage soit un abus, que tout usage entraîne le passage dans un monde d'interdits.…”

Section: Conclusion Et Interprétation Critique Des Résultatsunclassified

Femmes et héroïne : bilan des connaissances, limites et perspectives nouvelles

Frigon¹

2005

crimino

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This article gives the results of the consultation of several bases of bibliographical data on Women and Heroin, using the Boolean type of research. Various subjects are discussed, the extent of its use, the characteristics and factors of involvement in drug dependency, treatment, Mother/children relationship, Aids and prostitution. In the light of this survey of the literature, it seemed necessary to question the actual pertinence of these studies. They pose a number of important problems. Our criticism of the quality of these studies are I) problems of method and sampling; 2) epistemological problems and 3) the “monodisciplinarity” of these studies. In these works, the norm or “normality” (of drug addiction) is proper to the male sex. Women are considered marginal to this norm. Other fundamental omissions are mentioned, especially the relativity of the norms, problems connected with the concepts and the terms used. With regard to these various criticisms, we propose two models of analysis. The first refers to the study of women heroin-users as a group rather than in regard to men. The second is to construct a more general plan of analysis ofmarginality, of deviance and the criminality of women using the theories of social reaction in criminology and of radical materialist feminism. These two models could be complementary.

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Formerly-Addicted-Now-Controlled Opiate Users

Cited by 44 publications

References 7 publications

Nicotine elimination and tolerance in non-dependent cigarette smokers

Nicotine elimination and tolerance in non-dependent cigarette smokers

Patterns of Heroin Use: what do we know?

Femmes et héroïne : bilan des connaissances, limites et perspectives nouvelles

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