Food safety traits of mussels and clams: distribution of PCBs, PBDEs, OCPs, PAHs and PFASs in sample from different areas using HRMS-Orbitrap^® and modified QuEChERS extraction followed by GC-MS/MS

Abstract

Reviewing the presence of contaminant residues is important both for food safety and for monitoring of environmental pollution. Here, the occurrence of 6 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 15 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 7 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 17 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) was evaluated in mussels and clams. A liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) and an innovative QuEChERS extraction followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) methods were developed, validated and applied. We demonstrate good linearity, repeatability and accuracy of these methods, confirming that they are suitable for the analyses of mollusc samples. The prevalence of PCBs, OCPs and PAHs was higher in mussels than in clams. For PFASs, contamination was higher in clams than in mussels. The samples were all compliant with the regulations, and, for the compounds without legislative limits, a risk assessment confirmed that the values were lower than the tolerable intakes.

Legacy and Emerging Contaminants in Demersal Fish Species from Southern Norway and Implications for Food Safety

“…After evaporation (at 35 °C in a centrifugal evaporator), the residual sample was dissolved in hexane (1 mL) and injected to a GC/MS-MS for quali-quantification of contaminants. Triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (QqQ) in electronic impact (EI) mode was used to simultaneously detect and quantify contaminants, according to the conditions described in our previous work [ 30 ]. A GC Trace 1310 chromatograph coupled to a TSQ8000 triple quadrupole mass detector (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Palo Alto, CA, USA) was used to confirm and quantify contaminants using a fused-silica capillary column Rt-5MS Crossbond-5% diphenyl 95% dimethylpolysiloxane (35 m × 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 μm film thickness, Restek, Bellefonte, PA, USA).…”

“…The analysis of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the fish fillet was performed as described elsewhere [7,30]. Briefly,~3 g of sample were spiked with the ISs at the concentration of 5 ng/mL and 10 mL of acetonitrile were added for extraction and protein precipitation.…”

“…Aqueous ammonium formate (solvent A, 20 mM) and methanol (solvent B) were used as mobile phases. The gradient and the mass parameters are described elsewhere [30]. Xcalibur TM 3.0 software (Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA) was used to control the HPLC-HRMS system and to elaborate the data.…”

“…The methods were checked for their linearity, repeatability, recovery, limit of detection (LOD), and quantification (LOQ), as reported in Table S3 according to the SANTE 2017 [31] guidelines and our previous studies [7,29,30]. The LOD and LOQ for each analyzed compound were calculated from the calibration curve in the concentration range corresponding to the lower concentration levels according to MRL for each compound, when available.…”

Logarithmic and Percentage Reductions of Bacterial Isolates in Galatea Paradoxa Treated With Citrus Aurantifolia and Nacl: Public Health Implication and Nutritional Assessment

“…The G. paradoxa are a suitable bio-indicator of environmental pollution (Chiesa et al, 2018;Okon et al, 2020). They can accumulate human pathogenic organisms from sewage contaminated waters and also accumulate toxins in its soft tissues through feeding on toxic phytoplankton (Gram et al, 2002).…”