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Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been considered as one of the predisposing factors for candiduria and Candida urinary tract infections. The study determined the socio-demographic characteristics, risk factors of DM patients with asymptomatic candiduria and ascertained the prevalence, virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility of Candida isolated. Socio-demographic and risk factors were obtained via questionnaires. Microscopic, macroscopic and chemical analysis of mid-stream urine (MSU) samples were determined by microbiological method and dipsticks. The characterization, virulence factors, antibiotic susceptibility of Candida isolates were determined by conventional, mycological media and disc diffusion techniques, respectively. Of the 51 MSU samples, ≥ 31.4% were amber and clear in colour, contained yeast cells and leukocytes; between 5.9 to 25.5% had hyaline casts, urobilinogen, epithelial cells, red blood cells, pus cells and nitrite, while the specific gravity was ≥ 1.015. The prevalence of candiduria among subjects with respect to age, types and duration of diabetes, gender, tobacco and alcohol consumption were not significant (p ≥ 0.005). Candida dubliniensis and C. parapsilosis prevalence was highest in subjects with random blood sugar (mg/dL) of ≥ 400 and 300-399, respectively. Of the 39 isolates, 64.1% were Fluconazole sensitive, 10.3% were dose dependent susceptible to Ketoconazole, 74.4% exhibited Voriconazole sensitivity, 100% C. dubliniensis were Clotrimazole sensitive, ≤ 28.6% C. tropicalis and C. glabrata were resistant to Amphotericin B and Itraconazole, while between 23.1% and 71.8% isolates produced hydrolytic enzymes and biofilm. This study revealed the socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors among subjects and the necessity to continuously investigate pathogenic Candida against antifungal agents for effective treatments of asymptomatic candiduria in diabetes mellitus patients.

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Background: The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains worldwide has necessitated the scientific search for novel, potent, and affordable antimicrobial agents including medicinal plants and non-antibiotic drugs for therapy of infectious diseases. The objective of this study is to assess in vitro antibacterial activities and time kill kinetics of some non-antibiotic drugs against pathogenic clinical bacterial isolates.Methodology: In vitro antibacterial activities including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration  (MBC) and time kill kinetics of Amlodipine (AML), Thioridazine (THI) and Promethazine (PRO) against Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS), Streptococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates were determined using disc diffusion, broth microdilution and plate count techniques.Results: The mean growth inhibition zones by the disc diffusion assay of AML, THI and PRO against the isolates were ≤15.1±1.0 mm with MIC and MBC values ranging from 12.5 to 50μg/ml and 25 to 100μg/ml respectively. The time-kill assay revealed bactericidal effect of AML, THI and PRO on Gram positive bacteria evidenced by mean log reductions in viable bacterial cell counts ranging from 0.13 Log10 to 2.41 Log10 CFU/ml for S. aureus, 0.88 Log10 to 2.08 Log10 CFU/ml for Streptococcus spp, and 0.26 Log10 to 2.34 Log10 CFU/ml for CoNS after ≤30hrs post inoculation at 1xMIC. The range of log reduction in viable cell counts of Gram-negative bacteria exposed to AML, THI and PRO were E. coli (0.11 to 3.23 Log10 CFU/ml), P. aeruginosa (0.52 to 2.56 Log10 CFU/ml), K. pneumoniae (0.85 to 3.0 Log10 CFU/ml) and  Enterobacter spp (0.38 to 2.08 Log10 CFU/ml) after ≤30 hrs post inoculation at 1x MIC.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate in vitro antibacterial efficacies and time kill kinetics of AML, THI and PRO against pathogenic clinical bacterial isolates, which indicate that these non-antibiotic drugs may be useful therapeutic alternatives in the bid to reduce the burden of infectious diseases associated with antibiotic resistant pathogens. Keywords: Amlodipine, Thioridazine, Promethazine, Time-Kill, Kinetics, MIC, MBC, bacteria   French title: Activité antibactérienne et cinétique de destruction du temps de l'amlodipine, de la thioridazine et de la prométhazine contre les isolats bactériens cliniques pathogènes Contexte: L'émergence de souches bactériennes multirésistantes dans le monde a rendu nécessaire la recherche scientifique d'agents antimicrobiens nouveaux, puissants et abordables, notamment des plantes médicinales et des médicaments non antibiotiques pour le traitement des maladies infectieuses. L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer les activités antibactériennes in vitro et la cinétique de destruction temporelle de certains médicaments non antibiotiques contre les isolats bactériens cliniques pathogènes. Méthodologie: activités antibactériennes in vitro, y compris la concentration minimale inhibitrice (CMI), la concentration bactéricide minimale (MBC) et la cinétique de destruction du temps de l'amlodipine (AML), de la thioridazine (THI) et de la prométhazine (PRO) contre Staphylococcus aureus, les staphylocoques à coagulase négative (CoNS), Streptococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae et Pseudomonas aeruginosa ont été déterminés en utilisant des techniques de diffusion sur disque, de microdilution en bouillon et de numération sur plaque. Résultats: Les zones moyennes d'inhibition de la croissance par le test de diffusion de disque d'AML, THI et PRO contre les isolats étaient ≤15,1±1,0mm avec des valeurs MIC et MBC allant de 12,5 à 50μg/ml et de 25 à 100μg/ml respectivement. Le dosage temporel a révélé un effet bactéricide de la LMA, du THI et du PRO sur les bactéries Gram positives, mis en évidence par des réductions logarithmiques moyennes du nombre de cellules bactériennes viables allant de 0,13 Log10 à 2,41 Log10 CFU/ml pour S. aureus, 0,88 Log10 à 2,08 Log10 CFU/ml pour Streptococcus spp et 0,26 Log10 à 2,34 Log10 CFU/ml pour CoNS après ≤ 30 heures après l'inoculation à 1 x MIC. La plage de réduction logarithmique du nombre de cellules viables de bactéries à Gram négatif exposées à la LMA, au THI et au PRO était E. coli (0,11 à 3,23 Log10 CFU/ml), P. aeruginosa (0,52 à 2,56 Log10 CFU/ml), K. pneumoniae (0,85 à 3,0 Log10 CFU/ml) et Enterobacter spp (0,38 à 2,08 Log10 CFU/ml) après ≤ 30 heures après l'inoculation à 1 x MIC. Conclusion: Ces résultats démontrent une efficacité antibactérienne in vitro et une cinétique de destruction du temps des LMA, THI et PRO contre les isolats bactériens cliniques pathogènes, ce qui indique que ces médicaments non antibiotiques peuvent être des alternatives thérapeutiques utiles dans le but de réduire le fardeau des maladies infectieuses associées aux antibiotiques pathogènes résistants. Mots-clés: Amlodipine, Thioridazine, Prométhazine, Time-Kill, Cinétique, MIC, MBC, bactéries

Background Bacteremia constitutes a significant public health challenge and represents a vital cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients, and fluoroquinolones are commonly prescribed antibiotics due to their range of activities and pharmacokinetic profiles. This study the evaluated antibacterial activities and time-kill kinetics of fluoroquinolone antibiotics: Ofloxacin (OFL), Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and Levofloxacin (LEV) against the etiology of bacteremia of genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Haemophilus, Enterobacter, and Salmonella using disc diffusion, micro-broth dilution and plate count techniques. Results The lowest mean growth inhibition zones (mm ± SD) of OFL, LEV, and CIP against the isolates were 10.5 ± 0.0, 10.1 ± 0.1 and 9.6 ± 0.3, respectively. The MIC values of OFL, LEV and CIP on isolates ranged from 6.25 to > 50 µg/mL, MBC ranged from 12.5 to > 50 µg/mL, while MBC/MIC ratios were ≤ 2. The time-kill assay revealed that logarithmic reductions in viable cell counts (Log10 CFU/mL) of bacteria exposed to OFL, LEV and CIP ranged from 0.17 to 2.14 for P. aeruginosa; 0.13 to 1.31 for H. influenzae; 0.04 to 2.23 for Acinetobacter spp; and 0.08 to 2.08 for K. pneumoniae. LEV and OFL (1 × MIC concentration) achieved bactericidal effects on S. typhi ST07 and E. aerogenes EA01 at 30 h post-inoculation, respectively, while ≥ 99.9% reduction in the number of viable K. pneumoniae cells exposed to CIP was achieved at 24 h post-inoculation. Conclusion The fluoroquinolones demonstrated higher inhibitory activities at higher concentrations against the etiology of bacteremia in HIV-infected patients, signifying a concentration-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth. The MIC-based time-kill curve analyses showed that LEV achieved 3 Log10-fold reduction (≥ 99.9% reduction) in CFU/mL of most etiology of bacteremia faster compared with the other two fluoroquinolones.

IntroductionMany bacterial cell wall structures have short, external filamentous appendages known as Fimbriae [1]. The fimbriae, either located at the poles of a cell or evenly spread over its entire surface, aid bacteria in adhering to host cell surface, colonize human epithelial cells, tissue invasion, biofilm formation and cytokine induction [1]. Fimbriae are serologically categorized, by their hemagglutinating patterns and receptor specificities, as either mannose sensitive hemagglutination (type 1-fimbriae) or mannose resistant hemagglutination (P-fimbriae) [2]. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), an aetiological agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), is one of the human T-cell lymphotrophic retroviruses, of the family Retroviridae. The HIV epidemic continues to be a

Local production of hand hygiene products result in increased availability and compliance with hand hygiene in healthcare settings and significant cost saving to hospitals if effective and acceptable. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness, acceptability, and cost benefit of a locally produced hand sanitizer to commercial hand sanitizer products. This was a comparative cross sectional study carried out among students of the Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Uyo in July 2019. Three hand sanitizer products, one locally produced and two commercial hand sanitizer products were compared. Bacterial growth from swabs from the hands of sixty students collected before and after use of one of the three hand sanitizer products were compared to determine bacterial reduction. Participants also assessed the products by scoring the product on a questionnaire using a five-point scale. The cost per litre of hand sanitizer products was calculated and compared. The mean percentage reduction of bacterial colony-forming units (CFU) was highest for the locally produced hand sanitizer product. There was no significant difference between acceptability of products for the criteria assessed except colour for which the local product had higher acceptability score than other products. The locally produced hand sanitizer was much cheaper than the commercially products. The in-house produced hand sanitizer product provides higher bacterial reduction than commercial products, has good acceptability among users and provides significant cost savings to the hospital.