fMRI of the temporal lobe of the awake monkey at 7 T

Goense, Jozien; Ku, Shih-Pi; Merkle, Hellmut; Tolias, Andreas S.; Logothetis, Nikos K.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.038

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Technical improvements in detection of fMRI activity from temporal lobe (e.g., ref. 33) can facilitate further studies of this anterior temporal face-selective area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

An anterior temporal face patch in human cortex, predicted by macaque maps

Rajimehr

Young

Tootell

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

261

235

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Increasing evidence suggests that primate visual cortex has a specialized architecture for processing discrete object categories such as faces. Human fMRI studies have described a localized region in the fusiform gyrus [the fusiform face area (FFA)] that responds selectively to faces. In contrast, in nonhuman primates, electrophysiological and fMRI studies have instead revealed 2 apparently analogous regions of face representation: the posterior temporal face patch (PTFP) and the anterior temporal face patch (ATFP). An earlier study suggested that human FFA is homologous to the PTFP in macaque. However, in humans, no obvious homologue of the macaque ATFP has been demonstrated. Here, we used fMRI to map face-selective sites in both humans and macaques, based on equivalent stimuli in a quantitative topographic comparison. This fMRI evidence suggests that such a face-selective area exists in human anterior inferotemporal cortex, comprising the apparent homologue of the fMRI-defined ATFP in macaques.face processing ͉ fMRI ͉ inferotemporal cortex ͉ macaque-human homology T he fusiform face area (FFA) is one of the most distinctive regions in the human ventral temporal cortex. A wide range of noninvasive techniques, including PET, fMRI, ERP, and MEG have shown that FFA responds selectively to images of faces, relative to a wide variety of control objects (1-7). Such approaches have revealed an enormous amount about face selectivity in this distinctive region of human cerebral cortex.Such noninvasive techniques cannot furnish the kind of incisive information that is available from classical neurobiological techniques (e.g., single-unit recording) in nonhuman primates. These 2 realms have begun to be bridged by recent fMRI studies in awake monkeys, which demonstrated that apparently homologous face-selective regions also exist in macaque inferotemporal (IT) cortex (8,9). Subsequent experiments reported that Ϸ97% of the single units in the largest face-selective region (the so-called posterior temporal face patch, located in caudal TE) respond strongly and selectively to images of faces, compared with images of control objects (10). This fMRI and physiological evidence supports the idea that this region of monkey cortex is indeed selective for faces.A computational transformation concluded that this posterior temporal face patch (PTFP) in macaques is located in a cortical region that corresponds topographically to area FFA in human subjects (8). This analysis assumes that neighborhood relations between specific cortical areas are evolutionarily conserved across the sheet of cortical gray matter, as validated in many previous human-monkey comparisons (11-14).However, this conclusion raises a significant issue. In macaques, an additional face-selective region is consistently found further anterior in the temporal lobe, in rostral TE (8-10, 15, 16); here, this is termed the anterior temporal face patch (ATFP). However, in humans, no such area (i.e., anterior to FFA) has been reported by conventional fMRI mapping of face rep...

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“…Technical improvements in detection of fMRI activity from temporal lobe (e.g., ref. 33) can facilitate further studies of this anterior temporal face-selective area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

An anterior temporal face patch in human cortex, predicted by macaque maps

Rajimehr

Young

Tootell

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

261

235

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…It is entirely possible that additional faceselective regions could lie within the artifact zone, e.g., in the 4 subjects in which we did not find any anterior face-selective regions. Methodological improvements, including use of spin echo imaging (19) and high-resolution scanning (18,20), may uncover such regions.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing face patch systems in macaques and humans

Tsao

Moeller

Freiwald

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

607

562

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Face recognition is of central importance for primate social behavior. In both humans and macaques, the visual analysis of faces is supported by a set of specialized face areas. The precise organization of these areas and the correspondence between individual macaque and human face-selective areas are debated. Here, we examined the organization of face-selective regions across the temporal lobe in a large number of macaque and human subjects. Macaques showed 6 regions of face-selective cortex arranged in a stereotypical pattern along the temporal lobe. Human subjects showed, in addition to 3 reported face areas (the occipital, fusiform, and superior temporal sulcus face areas), a face-selective area located anterior to the fusiform face area, in the anterior collateral sulcus. These results suggest a closer anatomical correspondence between macaque and human face-processing systems than previously realized.face processing ͉ fMRI ͉ evolution ͉ form perception ͉ vision F or primates as social animals, faces are immensely important stimuli, carrying a wealth of social information. Given the paramount importance of face recognition for primates, the underlying neural mechanisms must have been subject to the highest selective pressure through the course of evolution (1, 2). As a consequence, a common primate face recognition system may exist, providing the basic scaffold around which speciesspecific specializations may have then evolved.In humans, extensive behavioral and neurological evidence suggests that specialized mechanisms exist for processing faces (3, 4). This notion is supported by functional imaging experiments showing several face-selective areas in the temporal lobe, including the fusiform face area (FFA), the occipital face area (OFA), and a face area in the superior temporal sulcus (STS-FA) (5). Furthermore, evidence has been put forward that these areas have different functional specializations, suggesting that the OFA is involved in processing face parts (6), the STS-FA in processing changeable aspects such as gaze direction (7), and the FFA in processing identity (8, 9). Thus, the human faceprocessing system seems to be organized around 3 specialized face areas (10).In macaque monkeys, the existence of face-selective cortical areas, so called ''face patches,'' was demonstrated by fMRI (11,12). Tsao et al. (11) reported 3 regions of face-selective cortex in inferotemporal (IT) cortex, organized along an anteriorposterior axis. This finding immediately raised the question of how macaque face patches relate to those of humans and, more generally, whether there is a common functional organization for face processing in primates. By computationally stretching the cortical surface of the macaque brain over the human cortical surface, the macaque middle face patch was found to lie quite close to the human FFA (11). The human FFA and macaque middle face patch were also the largest within each species.Although this spatial correspondence analysis is, of course, a far cry from demonstrating homology, it rais...

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“…Whole head volume coils were designed by H. Merkle. A linear saddle coil [27] was used for M1 and M2, and a quadrature volume coil for animal M3. The animals were in an upright position in a custom-made monkey chair (see Ref.…”

Section: Imaging Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%