Fine structural investigation of <i>Malassezia furfur</i>. II. The envelope of the yeast cells

Mittag, H.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.1995.tb00003.x

Cited by 52 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…It has been shown that this lipid dependency is due to a defect in the synthesis of myristic acid, which serves as the precursor of long-chain fatty acids (Porro et al, 1976;Shifrine & Marr, 1963). Even so, the outermost layer of the complex cell wall consists mainly of lipids (Mittag, 1995), which are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of this fungus. Similar to the polysaccharide capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans (Ellerbroek et al, 2004), this lipid layer seems to protect M. furfur from phagocytosis (Ashbee & Evans, 2002) and downregulates the inflammatory immune response (Kesavan et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MfLIP1, a gene encoding an extracellular lipase of the lipid-dependent fungus Malassezia furfur

Brunke

Hube

2006

Microbiology

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Malassezia furfur is a dimorphic fungus and a member of the normal cutaneous microflora of humans. However, it is also a facultative pathogen, associated with a wide range of skin diseases. One unusual feature of M. furfur is an absolute dependency on externally provided lipids which the fungus hydrolyses by lipolytic activity to release fatty acids necessary for both growth and pathogenicity. In this study, the cloning and characterization of the first gene encoding a secreted lipase of M. furfur possibly associated with this activity are reported. The gene, MfLIP1, shows high sequence similarity to other known extracellular lipases, but is not a member of a lipase gene family in M. furfur. MfLIP1 consists of 1464 bp, encoding a protein with a molecular mass of 54?3 kDa, a conserved lipase motif and an N-terminal signal peptide of 26 aa. By using a genomic library, two other genes were identified flanking MfLIP1, one of them encoding a putative secreted catalase, the other a putative amine oxidase. The cDNA of MfLIP1 was expressed in Pichia pastoris and the biochemical properties of the recombinant lipase were analysed. MfLip1 is most active at 40 6C and the pH optimum was found to be 5?8. The lipase hydrolysed lipids, such as Tweens, frequently used as the source of fatty acids in M. furfur media, and had minor esterase activity. Furthermore, the lipase is inhibited by different bivalent metal ions. This is the first molecular description of a secreted lipase from M. furfur.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MfLIP1, a gene encoding an extracellular lipase of the lipid-dependent fungus Malassezia furfur

Brunke

Hube

2006

Microbiology

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“…There is an inconsistently visible intermediate zone that separates the main layers. The main layers may be further lamellated, thus revealing a multi-layered substructure 3 . The Malassezia yeast cell wall is composed of an unusually high lipid content (15∼ 20%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been reported that the genus Malassezia has lipid-rich multiple layers on the cell wall [3][4][5] . It is thought that the lipid-rich layers play a critical role in physiologic and pathologic conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Detergents on the Morphology and Immunomodulatory Activity ofMalassezia furfur

Kim

et al. 2009

Ann Dermatol

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Background: Several workers have found that Malassezia are capable of suppressing cytokine release and downregulating the phagocytic function of monocytes. But lipid-depleted Malassezia furfur (M. furfur) extracts have also been shown to induce increased production of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in monocytes. We thought that the detergents in shampoos or soaps could change the composition of the lipid in the M. furfur cell wall. Objective: We studied whether detergents affect the morphology of M. furfur and if the inflammatory cytokine profiles change in the monocytes treated with detergent-treated M. furfur. Methods: Commonly used detergents such as sodium lauryl sulfate, ammonium lauryl sulfate and tween-80 were respectively added to the modified Leeming-Notman's media. M. furfur was cultivated in each media (detergent-added or untreated). Thereafter, the surface morphology of the yeast was evaluated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The cytokine profiles of monocytes, which were treated by M. furfur with or without detergents, were also evaluated. Results: The detergent-treated M. furfur were similar to the lipid-extracted form of M. furfur on the electron microscopic study, with a recessed, withered surface and with thinner and rather electron transparent cell walls than the detergent-untreated M. furfur. The levels of TNF-α were higher in monocytes treated with detergent-treated Malassezia than that in the monocytes treated with the detergent-untreated Malassezia (p＜0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings in this study, it could be inferred that the detergents in shampoos or soaps affect the lipid layers of the Malassezia cell wall and these lipid-extracted Malassezia induce or aggravate some inflammatory conditions. But to correlate the relationship between detergents and Malassezia-associated diseases, in vivo experiments that will focus on short-term contact with detergents in real life conditions should be done. (Ann Dermatol 21(2) 130∼135, 2009)

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“…The protoplasmic membrane is firmly attached to the inside of the cell wall. The major components of the cell wall are mannoproteins (75 to 80%), lipids (15 to 20%), and chitin (1 to 2%) (105). It is thought that the immunomodulatory capacity of the Malassezia yeasts are related to cell wall lipids.…”

Section: Malasseziamentioning

confidence: 99%

Atopic Dermatitis and Fungi

Faergemann

2002

Mycoses

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Fine structural investigation of Malassezia furfur. II. The envelope of the yeast cells

Cited by 52 publications

References 36 publications

MfLIP1, a gene encoding an extracellular lipase of the lipid-dependent fungus Malassezia furfur

MfLIP1, a gene encoding an extracellular lipase of the lipid-dependent fungus Malassezia furfur

The Effect of Detergents on the Morphology and Immunomodulatory Activity ofMalassezia furfur

Atopic Dermatitis and Fungi

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