Filarioid Nematodes

Anderson, Roy C.

doi:10.1002/9780470377000.ch12

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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Section: Factors and Their Selection Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many reports on coyote and other wild canid species’ Dirofilaria infections have been published with report rates as high as 71% [35]; however, most surveys occurred in the early 1980’s [36]. More recent surveys conducted in Oklahoma/Texas, Illinois, Florida and California have reported 6.5, 16, 40 and 42-44% of coyotes being positive [36-40]. In contrast, studies in Arizona and eastern Washington state reported no coyote infections [41,42], while a separate recent survey of Arizona wild canids (feral dogs and coyotes) reported that 14% were positive for heartworm [43].…”

Section: Factors and Their Selection Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

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Key factors influencing canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in the United States

et al. 2012

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Section: Factors and Their Selection Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors and Their Selection Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

Key factors influencing canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in the United States

et al. 2012

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“…However, since no evidence of filariae appeared, some investigators instead suggested other intermediate hosts, such as simuliids and mosquitoes that are often observed around hauled out seals (Taylor et al 1961). This suggestion seems plausible since well-known heartworm species, such as Dirofilaria immitis, infecting dogs and cats, cannot mature into adult worms without first passing through a mosquito (Anderson 2001). …”

Section: The Seal Louse As Intermediate Vector Of the Heartwormmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phocid seals, seal lice and heartworms: a terrestrial hostparasite system conveyed to the marine environment

Leidenberger¹,

Hårding²,

Härkönen³

2007

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Adaptation of pinnipeds to the marine habitat imposed parallel evolutions in their parasites. Ancestral pinnipeds must have harboured sucking lice, which were ancestors of the seal louse Echinophthirius horridus. The seal louse is one of the few insects that successfully adjusted to the marine environment. Adaptations such as keeping an air reservoir and the ability to hold on to and move on the host were necessary, as well as an adjustment of their life cycle to fit the diving habits of their host. E. horridus are confined to the Northern Hemisphere and have been reported from 9 species of northern phocids belonging to 4 genera, including land-locked seal species. The transmission from seal to seal is only possible when animals are hauled-out on land or ice. Lice are rarely found on healthy adult seals, but frequently on weak and young animals. The seal louse is suggested to play an important role as an intermediate host transmitting the heartworm Acanthocheilonema spirocauda among seals. However, the evidence is restricted to a single study where the first 3 larval stages of the heartworm were shown to develop in the louse. The fourth-stage larvae develop in the blood system of seals and eventually transform into the adult stage that matures in the heart. Since all other studies failed to confirm the presence of heartworm larvae in seal lice, other unknown intermediate hosts could be involved in the transmission of the heartworm. Transplacental transmission of microfilariae in seals has been suggested as an additional possibility, but is not likely to be important since the occurrence of heartworms in adult seals is very rare compared with juveniles. Furthermore, there are no findings of the first 3 larval stages in seals. This review shows that the heartworm infects nearly the same species of seals as the seal louse, except for the grey seal Halichoerus grypus, where the heartworm is absent. Prevalence and intensity of infection differ among regions in the Northern Hemisphere. As for seal lice, heartworms mainly infect immature seals, and after infection the prevalence seems to decrease with increasing age of the host.

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“…The life-cycle of E. schneideri involves a cervid host and a hematophagous insect vector. Mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) and black-tailed deer ( Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ) are definitive hosts [ 22 – 25 ], and transmission occurs via the bite of a tabanid horse fly or deer fly (Diptera: Tabanidae) [ 26 , 27 ]. Tabanid flies become infected when they ingest microfilariae (L1) in a blood meal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of the arterial worm Elaeophora schneideri in moose (Alces alces) and tabanid fly vectors in northeastern Minnesota, USA

Grunenwald

Butler²,

Wünschmann

et al. 2018

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundMoose (Alces alces) are a culturally and economically valued species in Minnesota. However, the moose population has experienced a sudden, marked decline in their range, including extirpation in the northwest and a 66% decline in the last decade in the northeast portions of the state. Although the exact cause of this decline is unclear, parasitic metastrongylid and filarioid nematode infections are known causes of morbidity and mortality in moose across North America.MethodsTo determine if these parasitic nematodes could be contributing to the Minnesota moose population decline, we molecularly examined banked tissues obtained from moose that died of known and unknown causes for the presence of nematode DNA. Extracted brain DNA of 34 individual moose was amplified utilizing primers targeting the 18S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer regions of nematodes.ResultsDNA sequencing revealed that PCR products obtained from 15 (44.1%) of the moose were 99% identical to Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, a metastrongylid known to cause neurological disease and death. Additionally, brain tissue from 20 (58.8%) individuals yielded sequences that most closely aligned with Elaeophora schneideri, a parasite associated with neurological impairment but previously unreported in Minnesota. Setaria yehi, a common filarioid parasite of deer, was also detected in the brain tissue of 5 (14.7%) moose. Molecular screening of 618 captured tabanid flies from four trapping sites revealed E. schneideri was present (6%) in the Minnesota environment and transmission could occur locally. Prevalence rates among the flies ranged between 0–100% per trapping site, with Chrysops spp. and Hybomitra spp. implicated as the vectors.ConclusionsUltimately, these data confirm that P. tenuis is widespread in the Minnesota moose population and raises the question of the significance of E. schneideri as a contributing factor to morbidity and mortality in moose.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3077-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Filarioid Nematodes

Cited by 15 publications

References 79 publications

Key factors influencing canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in the United States

Key factors influencing canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in the United States

Phocid seals, seal lice and heartworms: a terrestrial hostparasite system conveyed to the marine environment

Emergence of the arterial worm Elaeophora schneideri in moose (Alces alces) and tabanid fly vectors in northeastern Minnesota, USA

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Filarioid Nematodes

Cited by 15 publications

References 79 publications

Key factors influencing canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in the United States

Key factors influencing canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in the United States

Phocid seals, seal lice and heartworms: a terrestrial hostparasite system conveyed to the marine environment

Emergence of the arterial worm Elaeophora schneideri in moose (Alces alces) and tabanid fly vectors in northeastern Minnesota, USA

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Phocid seals, seal lice and heartworms: a terrestrial hostparasite system conveyed to the marine environment