Key factors influencing canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in the United States

Brown, Heidi E.; Harrington, Laura C.; Kaufman, Phillip E.; McKay, Tanja; Bowman, Dwight D.; Nelson, Carmel; Wang, Dongmei; Lund, Robert

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-245

Cited by 58 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…These parameters were used because they have an influence on heartworm transmission (BROWN et al, 2012). Only 2% of Porto Velho has sewage collection (IBGE, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the tropics, mosquitoes can reproduce throughout the year, due to the high temperatures and rain profile. Many cases of canine heartworm have also been reported in temperate regions, probably due to introduction of dogs from endemic areas (BROWN et al, 2012). The prevalence rates have a tendency to be higher in coastal regions or close to large rivers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Canine heartworm disease in Porto Velho: first record, distribution map and occurrence of positive mosquitoes

Ogawa

Cruz

Cunha

et al. 2013

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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The aim of this study was to make the first report on canine heartworm disease in the state of Rondônia and confirm its transmission in this state. Blood samples were randomly collected from 727 dogs in the city of Porto Velho. The samples were analyzed to search for microfilariae and circulating antigens, using three different techniques: optical microscopy on thick blood smears stained with Giemsa; immunochromatography; and PCR. Mosquitoes were collected inside and outside the homes of all the cases of positive dogs and were tested using PCR to search for DNA of Dirofilaria immitis. Ninety-three blood samples out of 727 (12.8%) were positive according to the immunoassay technique and none according to the thick smear method. Among the 93 positive dogs, 89 (95.7%) were born in Porto Velho. No difference in the frequency of infection was observed between dogs raised indoors and in the yard. PCR on the mosquitoes resulted in only one positive pool. This result shows that the transmission of canine heartworm disease is occurring in the city of Porto Velho and that there is moderate prevalence among the dogs. The techniques of immunochromatography and PCR were more effective for detecting canine heartworm than thick blood smears. The confirmation of canine heartworm disease transmission in Porto Velho places this disease in the ranking for differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules in humans in Rondônia.Keywords: Canine heartworm disease, Dirofilaria immitis, PCR, immunochromatography, thick blood smears, Brazil. ResumoO objetivo deste estudo foi de registrar pela primeira vez a dirofilariose canina no estado de Rondônia e confirmar sua transmissão neste estado. Amostras de sangue de 727 cães foram colhidas aleatoriamente na cidade de Porto Velho. As amostras foram analisadas em busca de microfilárias e antígenos circulantes usando três técnicas diferentes: microscopia ótica de gota espessa corada com Giemsa e imunocromatografia de fluxo lateral e PCR. Mosquitos foram colhidos no domicilio e peridomicílio de todos os casos de cães positivos, estes mosquitos foram testados pela PCR na detecção de DNA de Dirofilaria immitis. Noventa e três das 727 amostras de sangue foram positivas na técnica de imunoensaio (12,8%). Nenhuma amostra foi positiva na gota espessa. Entre os 93 cães positivos, 89 (95,7%) foram nascidos em Porto Velho. Nenhuma diferença na frequencia de infecção foi observada entre cães criados dentro da casa ou no quintal. O PCR dos mosquitos resultou em apenas um pool positivo. Este resultado mostra que a transmissão de dirofilariose canina está ocorrendo na cidade de Porto Velho e a frequência que ocorre nos cães é considerada moderada. As técnicas de imunocromatografia e PCR são mais eficazes na detecção de dirofilariose comparadas a gota espessa. A confirmação de transmissão de dirofilariose canina em Porto Velho, coloca esta doença no ranking de diagnóstico diferencial de nódulos pulmonares em seres humanos em Rondônia.

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“…These parameters were used because they have an influence on heartworm transmission (BROWN et al, 2012). Only 2% of Porto Velho has sewage collection (IBGE, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Canine heartworm disease in Porto Velho: first record, distribution map and occurrence of positive mosquitoes

Ogawa

Cruz

Cunha

et al. 2013

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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“…The long, essentially annual life cycle of D. immitis [19], a large refugia of 'wild type' populations in both domestic dogs and wildlife, environmental perturbations of mosquito vectors [20][21][22][23], and selection pressure by 'slow-kill' adulticide protocols have been proposed as having a role [10,24]. Evidence of resistance to ML has been reported for Onchocerca volvulus in long-term preventive ML chemotherapy programs in endemic areas of Africa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of macrocyclic lactone resistant Dirofilaria immitis isolates in experimentally infected laboratory dogs

Pulaski

Malone

Bourguinat

et al. 2014

Parasites & Vectors

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Background: Strains of Dirofilaria immitis suspected of lack of efficacy (LOE) to macrocyclic lactone (ML) preventive drugs have been increasingly reported in dogs by practicing veterinarians since 2005 in the Lower Mississippi Delta region. If proven, and not controlled in the early stages, the emergence of ML drug resistance threatens to become a widespread problem in the US that may limit the effectiveness of current preventive drug treatment methods.

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“…This fact puts dirofilariasis among the relevant parasitic zoonoses. The wide spreading of dirofilariae and their importance for health explains the increasing interest in their study throughout the world (Marks & Bloomfield, 1998;Schwan & Durand, 2002;Simón et al, 2005;Lee et al, 2007;Genchi et al, 2011;Brown et al, 2012;Morchón et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dirofilaria immitis infection in carnivores from Bulgaria: 2012–2013 update

Panayotova-Pencheva¹,

Mirchev²,

Trifonova³

2016

BJVM

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Key factors influencing canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in the United States

Abstract: An examination of the Companion Animal Parasite Council’s (CAPC) canine heartworm data to clarify the spatial prevalence of heartworm in the United States. Factors thought to influence the spatial risk of disease, as identified in a recent CAPC workshop, are discussed.

Cited by 58 publications

References 35 publications

Canine heartworm disease in Porto Velho: first record, distribution map and occurrence of positive mosquitoes

Canine heartworm disease in Porto Velho: first record, distribution map and occurrence of positive mosquitoes

Establishment of macrocyclic lactone resistant Dirofilaria immitis isolates in experimentally infected laboratory dogs

Dirofilaria immitis infection in carnivores from Bulgaria: 2012–2013 update

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