The first edition of this book was published in 1992 (see Helminthological Abstracts (1993) 62, abstract 1457). This new enlarged edition includes additional relevant information from some 450 articles published between 1989 and 1998 (with a few from 1999), and some articles overlooked or unavailable for the first edition. The number of species covered has been increased by 34 (total now 595). As before, the book is in 2 parts, the Secernentea and Adenophorea, which are now regarded as classes rather than subclasses. The Secernentea covers the orders Rhabditida, Strongylida, Oxyurida, Ascaridida and Spirurida (suborders Camallanina and Spirurina), and the Adenophorea covers the order Enoplida, with the Dioctophymina and Trichinellina now treated as separate suborders. The aim of the book remains "to summarize and synthesize knowledge of the basic features of the development and transmission of parasitic nematodes of vertebrates, and to place this information in the context of the modern classification as found in the CIH Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates" [but see the 2 departures from these keys as noted above]. Nematode parasites of humans, domestic animals and wildlife (including fish) are covered. Each chapter or part begins with an overview of the mode of feeding, habitat and life cycles of the group. This is followed by descriptions and illustrations of larval stages of named specific examples. The number of illustrations has been increased from 33 to 43. Comprehensive bibliographies appear at the end of the sections on each order or suborder.

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the taxonomy, evolution, ecology, biological development and transmission of nematodes parasitic to humans and domestic and wild animals.

Firms engage in environmental marketing in order to appeal to environmentally conscious consumers. Within the context of the forest product industry, this research uses data from two studies to empirically test whether a relationship exists between demographic/psychographic characteristics and reported environmentally conscious intentions. In both studies, the results indicate that the environmental marketing of certifi ed/ecolabeled forest products appeals to a segment of environmentally conscious consumers. This appeal occurs for both a value-added product (furniture) and a non-value-added product (plywood). Thus, there is support for the argument that environmental marketing to environmentally conscious consumers can result in 'green segmentation'. Key fi ndings from this study suggest that those consumers reporting the strongest preferences for environmentally certifi ed forest products were more willing to pay a premium for certifi ed products, more likely to display environmentally conscious behavior and more likely to perceive that green consumer purchases effectively benefi t the environment. These characteristics were most common among females and those familiar with the concept of environmental certifi cation.

Summary :Halicephalobus gingivals (Stefanski, 1954), from a fatal infection in a horse in Ontario, Canada, was cultured and restudied.Although the original description given by Stefanski (1954)

ANDERSON, R. C. 1984. The origins of zooparasitic nematodes. Can. J . Zool. 62: 3 17-328.Zooparasitic nematodes are derived from soil nematodes and parasitism apparently originated only after land animals appeared. A major line from soil dwelling rhabditids gave rise to the secernentean parasites. which constitute about 98% of all genera in vertebrates and about 80% of those in invertebrates. A minor line evolved from the predominantly soil-dwelling dorylaimids and gave rise to adenophorean parasites, including mermithoids, trichinelloids, and dioctophymatoids. Nematodes are common in terrestrial invertebrates but rare in aquatic invertebrates (e.g., polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans). The fauna in terrestrial vertebrates is rich and diversified. In contrast, the fish nematode fauna is limited. Only 17 families of nematodes occur in fishes and only 5 are unique to the fishes. No unique nematode superfamilies occur in fishes. The fish nematode fauna seems closely related to that in terrestrial vertebrates and is evidently derived from it since almost three quarters of the families are shared with those in terrestrial vertebrates. Transfer to fishes from terrestrial hosts during the course of evolution probably occurred mainly through heteroxeny and paratenesis; however, a few monoxenous forms (oxyuroids) from terrestrial arthropods became established in shallow water fishes. Only a few nematodes (i.e., mermithoids) transferred from terrestrial to aquatic invertebrates with the result that nematodes are extremely rare in freshwater and marine invertebrates. The nematode fauna of marine mammals is limited mainly to heteroxenous forms with affinities to nematodes of terrestrial mammals.ANDERSON, R. C. 1984. The origins of zooparasitic nematodes. Can. J . Zool. 62: 3 17 -328.Les nematodes zooparasites sont derives de nematodes edaphiques et le parasitisme n'est nk qu'apres I'apparition d'animaux terrestres. Une lignee importante issue de rhabditides edaphiques a donne naissance aux Secernentea qui comptent environ 98% des genres parasites de vertebres et environ 80% des genres parasites d'invertkbrks. Une lignee mineure a evoluk des Dorylaimida, qui sont surtout edaphiques, et a donne naissance aux Adenophorea, i.e. les mermithoi'des, les trichinelloi'des et les dioctophymatoi'des. Les nematodes sont communs chez les invertehre's terrestres, mais rares chez les invertebres aquatiques (e.g. polychetes, mollusques, crustac6s). La faune de nematodes des r1ertPhrPs terrestres est riche et diversifiee. Celle des poissons, en revanche, est limitee. Seulement 17 familles de nkmatodes parasitent les poissons et seulement cinq d'entre elles sont spkcifiques aux poissons. I1 n'y a pas de superfamilles de nematodes qui n'affectent que les poissons. La faune de nematodes piscicoles semble tres proche parente de la faune parasite des vertkbris terrestres et en derive tres certainement, puisque les trois quarts des familles parasites des poissons affectent aussi les vertkbris terrestres. Le transfert des h6tes terrestres aux pois...

The author reviews the relationship of meningeal worm (P~rrelupo.stror1~~11is terluis) and its usual host, the white-tailed deer (Odocoi/eus virgirriar~cts). Important alterations in the environment in the past 100 years have greatly expanded the northern range of white-tailed deer and brought host and parasite into contact with other native cervids such as moose (Alces nrtlericarla), mule deer (Odocoilerrs hetpliomis), and woodland caribou (Ratlgifer tararldus) in which meningeal worm is highly pathogenic. There is evidence the parasite is spreading westward with deer in the aspen-parklands of Canada. Meningeal worm can apparently have considerable impact on moose populations in endemic areas. Possibly the existence of clinical disease in moose in an area should be regarded as evidence of a much more widespread disease problem which may have eventually a serious impact on the population.

Dioctophyma renale was found in the right kidney of 48% of mink (Mustela vison) trapped in late fall and winter in the Black River area of Ontario. Eggs embryonated at temperatures from 14 C to 30 C. Eggs hatched in the intestine of the aquatic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, and first-stage larvae migrated to the ventral blood vessel where development took place. The first molt occurred about 50 days after infection in oligochaetes kept at 20 C; the second molt occurred about 100 days after infection. Third-stage larvae removed from oligochaetes produced infection in a mink. Larvae given to frogs (i.e. Rana clamitans, melanota and R. pipiens) became encapsulated in the stomach wall or abdominal muscles. A mink was infected with larvae removed from frogs experimentally infected 25 days earlier. A mink was also infected with larvae found in a naturally infected bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus). Infective larvae of D. renale were found in wild Rana catesbeiana (6.2%), R. septentrionalis (9.6%), and R. clamitans melanota (0.7%) in an area enzootic for dioctophymiasis. It is suggested frogs as well as bullheads are important natural paratenic hosts for D. renale. The various larval stages of D. renale are described and its third-stage larva is distinguished from that of Eustrongylides spp. which may also be found in frogs.

This chapter describes the taxonomy, including revisions and additions, and morphology of the vertebrate parasites belonging to the superfamilies Spiruroidea, Habronematoidea and Acuarioidea of the order Spirurida. Keys to families, subfamilies, genera and subgenera are presented.