Ferroelectric lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate single crystals for ultrasonic hydrophone applications

Relaxor-PT Single Crystal Piezoelectric Sensors

“…In addition, piezoelectric polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer [P(VDF-TrFE)] have been used as an active element in hydrophones due to their high piezoelectric voltage constant g [78][79][80]. However, their actual sensitivities were not high enough, and the low dielectric constants of piezoelectric polymer hydrophones were not desirable since the output signals of the sensing elements greatly diminish due to the capacitance of the coaxial cables [81].…”

“…Lau et al [81,82] used PMN-PT single crystals as the sensing elements to fabricate needle-type hydrophones operating in the megahertz frequency range. In this work, PMN-PT single crystal with 65 mol% of PMN grown by a modified Bridgman method was used [83].…”

High sensitivity ultrasonic sensor for hydrophone applications, using an epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 film grown on SrRuO3/Pt/γ-Al2O3/Si

“…be greatly reduced by stray capacitances. Several groups have developed different types of hydrophones to try to solve this problem [1][2][3][4]. However, these hydrophones require very complex and delicate fabrication processes, such as gluing small sensor elements to wires, so device yields are low and there are usually non-uniformities in device sensitivity.…”

Systematic study of high-frequency ultrasonic transducer design for laser-scanning photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy

“…9,10 Besides polycrystalline ceramics, single crystals, such as LiNbO 3 (Refs. 11 and 12) and PbðMg 1∕3 Nb 2∕3 ÞO 3 − PbTiO 3 (PMN-PT), [13][14][15] are also used for ultrasonic transducers due to their outstanding dielectric and electromechanical properties. Different from the polycrystalline ceramics, single crystals do not suffer from grain size and porosity issues when fabricating very thin piezoelectric layers and thus are more desirable for high-frequency transducers without scaling limitations.…”