Relaxor-PT Single Crystal Piezoelectric Sensors

Jiang, Xiaoning; Kim, Jin-Wook; Kim, Kyugrim

doi:10.3390/cryst4030351

Cited by 57 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 125 publications

(164 reference statements)

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“…Focus on the fundamental understanding of the origin of ultrahigh piezoelectricity and their merits in practical electromechanical applications, showing uniqueness and advantages of the crystals over state-of-the-art polycrystalline ceramics. Several review articles have been written on the crystal growth, property characterizations, piezoelectric mechanisms and related applications [141–154]. However, there have been no review articles surveying the “figure of merits” of relaxor-PT single crystals for various electroacoustic applications, which is very important for the material and device scientists to understand the material behavior under practically operational conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advantages and challenges of relaxor-PbTiO3 ferroelectric crystals for electroacoustic transducers – A review

Zhang

Jiang

et al. 2015

Progress in Materials Science

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Relaxor-PbTiO3 (PT) based ferroelectric crystals with the perovskite structure have been investigated over the last few decades due to their ultrahigh piezoelectric coefficients (d33 > 1500 pC/N) and electromechanical coupling factors (k33 > 90%), far outperforming state-of-the-art ferroelectric polycrystalline Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 ceramics, and are at the forefront of advanced electroacoustic applications. In this review, the performance merits of relaxor-PT crystals in various electroacoustic devices are presented from a piezoelectric material viewpoint. Opportunities come from not only the ultrahigh properties, specifically coupling and piezoelectric coefficients, but through novel vibration modes and crystallographic/domain engineering. Figure of merits (FOMs) of crystals with various compositions and phases were established for various applications, including medical ultrasonic transducers, underwater transducers, acoustic sensors and tweezers. For each device application, recent developments in relaxor-PT ferroelectric crystals were surveyed and compared with state-of-the-art polycrystalline piezoelectrics, with an emphasis on their strong anisotropic features and crystallographic uniqueness, including engineered domain - property relationships. This review starts with an introduction on electroacoustic transducers and the history of piezoelectric materials. The development of the high performance relaxor-PT single crystals, with a focus on their uniqueness in transducer applications, is then discussed. In the third part, various FOMs of piezoelectric materials for a wide range of ultrasound applications, including diagnostic ultrasound, therapeutic ultrasound, underwater acoustic and passive sensors, tactile sensors and acoustic tweezers, are evaluated to provide a thorough understanding of the materials’ behavior under operational conditions. Structure-property-performance relationships are then established. Finally, the impacts and challenges of relaxor-PT crystals are summarized to guide on-going and future research in the development of relaxor-PT crystals for the next generation electroacoustic transducers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advantages and challenges of relaxor-PbTiO3 ferroelectric crystals for electroacoustic transducers – A review

Zhang

Jiang

et al. 2015

Progress in Materials Science

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339

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“…Piezocrystals of the relaxor-PT type such as ( x )Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -(1- x )PbTiO 3 (PMN-PT), ( x )Pb(In 1/2 Nb 1/2 )O 3 -(1- x - y )-Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -( y )PbTiO 3 (PIN-PMN-PT) and Mn-doped PIN-PMN-PT (Mn:PIN-PMN-PT), respectively termed Generations I, II and III, have demonstrated electrical, mechanical and piezoelectric properties that can be translated into higher electroacoustic transducer performance than can be achieved with conventional piezoceramics [ 1 ] and PMN-PT has now established itself as the material of choice in biomedical ultrasound transducers [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. However, this application has relatively undemanding requirements in terms of average power and operation at elevated temperature and pressure because of the output power and temperature safety limitations imposed by medical applications, and this matches well with the limited coercive field, E c , mechanical quality factor, Q m , and ferroelectric rhombohedral-tetragonal ( F RT ) phase transition and Curie temperatures ( T RT and T C ) of PMN-PT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Piezocrystal Characterisation under Varying Conditions

et al. 2015

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Piezocrystals, especially the relaxor-based ferroelectric crystals, have been subject to intense investigation and development within the past three decades, motivated by the performance advantages offered by their ultrahigh piezoelectric coefficients and higher electromechanical coupling coefficients than piezoceramics. Structural anisotropy of piezocrystals also provides opportunities for devices to operate in novel vibration modes, such as the d36 face shear mode, with domain engineering and special crystal cuts. These piezocrystal characteristics contribute to their potential usage in a wide range of low- and high-power ultrasound applications. In such applications, conventional piezoelectric materials are presently subject to varying mechanical stress/pressure, temperature and electric field conditions. However, as observed previously, piezocrystal properties are significantly affected by a single such condition or a combination of conditions. Laboratory characterisation of the piezocrystal properties under these conditions is therefore essential to fully understand these materials and to allow electroacoustic transducer design in realistic scenarios. This will help to establish the extent to which these high performance piezocrystals can replace conventional piezoceramics in demanding applications. However, such characterisation requires specific experimental arrangements, examples of which are reported here, along with relevant results. The measurements include high frequency-resolution impedance spectroscopy with the piezocrystal material under mechanical stress 0–60 MPa, temperature 20–200 °C, high electric AC drive and DC bias. A laser Doppler vibrometer and infrared thermal camera are also integrated into the measurement system for vibration mode shape scanning and thermal conditioning with high AC drive. Three generations of piezocrystal have been tested: (I) binary, PMN-PT; (II) ternary, PIN-PMN-PT; and (III) doped ternary, Mn:PIN-PMN-PT. Utilising resonant mode analysis, variations in elastic, dielectric and piezoelectric constants and coupling coefficients have been analysed, and tests with thermal conditioning have been carried out to assess the stability of the piezocrystals under high power conditions.

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“…Despite increasing attention for taking full advantage of piezoelectricity in static force sensing, a collective resource that provides a comprehensive review of each measurement mechanism is hardly available to date. Several review articles regarding general piezoelectric force sensors were published, but those articles mainly focused on the direct piezoelectric sensing of dynamic and quasistatic force with very limited information of static measurement [34][35][36][37]. In this review, we focus on static force measurement techniques using piezoelectric-type sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Static Force Measurement Using Piezoelectric Sensors

Kim

Jiang

et al. 2021

Journal of Sensors

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In force measurement applications, a piezoelectric force sensor is one of the most popular sensors due to its advantages of low cost, linear response, and high sensitivity. Piezoelectric sensors effectively convert dynamic forces to electrical signals by the direct piezoelectric effect, but their use has been limited in measuring static forces due to the easily neutralized surface charge. To overcome this shortcoming, several static (either pure static or quasistatic) force sensing techniques using piezoelectric materials have been developed utilizing several unique parameters rather than just the surface charge produced by an applied force. The parameters for static force measurement include the resonance frequency, electrical impedance, decay time constant, and capacitance. In this review, we discuss the detailed mechanism of these piezoelectric-type, static force sensing methods that use more than the direct piezoelectric effect. We also highlight the challenges and potentials of each method for static force sensing applications.

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Relaxor-PT Single Crystal Piezoelectric Sensors

Cited by 57 publications

References 125 publications

Advantages and challenges of relaxor-PbTiO3 ferroelectric crystals for electroacoustic transducers – A review

Advantages and challenges of relaxor-PbTiO3 ferroelectric crystals for electroacoustic transducers – A review

Functional Piezocrystal Characterisation under Varying Conditions

Static Force Measurement Using Piezoelectric Sensors

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