Factors associated with geographic tongue and fissured tongue

Abstract

This study identified an association between GT and anti-hypertensive medications, as well as the use of Swedish snus. It also found differences in the activities and symptoms of the lesions between referred patients and their counterparts who were seen in general dental practice; these parameters influenced the results when these conditions were taken into account.

Investigation of the clinical features of geographic tongue: unveiling its relationship with oral psoriasis

“…Kuffer, in the first clinical classification of GT, had classified lesions without the white border and no evidence of migration as atypical; however, only few authors have examined the diagnostic aspects of this lesion . The white halo consists of a mixture of keratin, neutrophils, and filiform papillae in regeneration, which are directly related to the activity of the disease, suggesting that its absence indicates a regression phase of the lesion …”

“…Dafar et al . introduced severity parameters based on the number of lesions to achieve a better understanding of the clinical features of GT.…”

“…Clinical evaluation was performed to identify most common clinical features of the lesions. GT was classified based on an adaptation of the method proposed by Kuffer and Dafar . Lesions were recorded as active if they exhibited a white border surrounding an erythematous area (Fig.…”

“…Kuffer demonstrated that GT lesions may also exist without delineation by a white border and proposed a clinical classification (the first described) as follows: typical, migratory lesions with a white border; atypical, nonmigratory lesions without a white border; and mixed, a combination of the two forms in a single patient . Recently, Dafar et al . proposed a new classification where the white halo was a criteria for lesion activity, with lesions without the halo considered as being passive and those with the halo as being active.…”

An Update on Drug-induced Oral Reactions

“…They compared 110 OLP patients with healthy controls, and found that lichenoid drug reactions are likely to occur only in a very low percentage of patients (31). The association of use of medications with geographic tongue (GT) and fissured tongue (FT) lesions has been investigated, and the association between GT and antihypertensive medications has been detected (32).The result of a case-control study showed that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)-induced pigmentation is not a rare adverse effect of HCQ, also it has been found that HCQ-induced pigmentation-with a high probability-is secondary to ecchymosis or bruising (33) . 16 patients with a history of drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and StevensJohnson syndrome (SJS).…”