Factors Affecting Wound Healing

Abstract

Wound healing, as a normal biological process in the human body, is achieved through four precisely and highly programmed phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. For a wound to heal successfully, all four phases must occur in the proper sequence and time frame. Many factors can interfere with one or more phases of this process, thus causing improper or impaired wound healing. This paper reviews the recent literature on the most significant factors that affect cutaneous wound healing and the potential cellular and/or molecular mechanisms involved. The factors discussed include oxygenation, infection, age and sex hormones, stress, diabetes, obesity, medications, alcoholism, smoking and nutrition. A better understanding of the influence of these factors on repair may lead to therapeutics that improve wound healing and resolve impaired wounds.

Dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane regulates stem cell activity in vitro

“…Stem cells including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are recruited to a healing wound, where they support healing in a variety of ways 3, 4, 5, 6. The healing potential of stem cells has resulted in the development of stem cell therapies for the treatment of chronic wounds.…”

Wound Complications after Laparotomy for Endometrial Cancer

“…The possible explanations on how obesity impede wound healing include an increased wound tension, a more trauma or even necrosis of abdominal wall secondary to more forceful retraction during operation. Skin folds in obese patients may harbor micro-organisms resulting in wound infection and separation (Wilson and Clark, 2004;Guo and Dipietro, 2010). In addition, the frequent wound complications in the obese patients may be caused by a relative hypoperfusion and ischemia occurring in subcutaneous adipose tissue thus decreasing delivery of optimal tissue level of prophylactic antibiotics (Pevzner et al, 2011).…”

“…Impairment of wound healing among diabetic patients has long been acknowledged (Guo and Dipietro, 2010). Various underlying mechanisms causing wound healing impairments among diabetic patients have been proposed including a relative tissue hypoperfusion, dysfunction in fibroblasts and epidermal cells, impairments of angiogenesis and neovascularization, high levels of metalloproteases, tissue damage secondary to the formation of advanced glycation end-products, and decreased host immunity (Guo and Dipietro, 2010).…”

“…Various underlying mechanisms causing wound healing impairments among diabetic patients have been proposed including a relative tissue hypoperfusion, dysfunction in fibroblasts and epidermal cells, impairments of angiogenesis and neovascularization, high levels of metalloproteases, tissue damage secondary to the formation of advanced glycation end-products, and decreased host immunity (Guo and Dipietro, 2010). Unsurprisingly, incidence of wound complication after laparotomy for endometrial cancer among diabetic patients in the present study was significantly higher than that in non-diabetic patients (13.9% and 6.1%, respectively; adjusted OR, 2.4; 95%CI, 1.06-5.54).…”

The Effect of Ethanol Extract Of Sarang Semut Plant (Hypnophytum Formicarum) to Granulation Tissue for Wound Healing After Teeth Extraction Experimental Research on Marmot (Cavia cobaya)

“…Macrophages in significant amount can accelerate wound healing, because it may eliminate the bacteria, debris and necrotic tissue so that the tissue regeneration process occurs rapidly. 15 In addition to the macrophages also release cytokines and growth factors PDGF, TGF-β, EGF and VEGF which stimulates the fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells to synthesize the collagen, epithelium and new blood vessels. 16 The control group the average number of macrophages until day 14 remained relatively stable, this indicating that groups are remaining inflammation.…”