Facile Bioself-Assembled Crystals in Plants Promote Photosynthesis and Salt Stress Resistance

Abstract

Salty soil is a global problem that has adverse effects on plants. We demonstrate that bioself-assembled molybdenum–sulfur (Mo–S) crystals formed by the foliar application of MoCl5 and cysteine augment the photosynthesis of plants treated with 200 mM salt for 7 days by promoting Ca2+ signal transduction and free radical scavenging. Reductions in glutathione and phytochelatins were attributed to the biosynthesized Mo–S crystals. Plants embedded with the Mo–S crystals and exposed to salty soil exhibited carbon assimilation rates, photosynthesis rates (Fv/Fm), and electron transport rates (ETRs) that were increased by 40%, 63–173%, and 50–78%, respectively, compared with those of plants without Mo–S crystals. Increased compatible osmolyte levels and decreased levels of oxidative damage, stomatal conductance (0.63–0.42 mmol m2 s–1), and transpiration (22.9–15.3 mmol m2 s–1), free radical scavenging, and calcium-dependent protein kinase, and Ca2+ signaling pathway activation were evidenced by transcriptomics and metabolomics. The bioself-assembled crystals originating from ions provide a method for protecting plant development under adverse conditions.

Star Polymers with Designed Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging and Agent Delivery Functionality Promote Plant Stress Tolerance

“…Heat and prolonged exposure to light in excess of that required for photosynthesis stresses plants and leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in leaves. This in turn inhibits photosynthetic activity and photosystem II (PSII) repair, harming plant health and productivity. ,, There are a limited number of materials available to alleviate plant stress such as nanoceria and molybdenum–sulfur crystals, , and their application requires injection or spraying with excess materials. , New materials and approaches are desired to make agriculture practices more efficient and resilient against climate stress and meet sustainable development goals from the United Nations (zero hunger, clean water, and sanitation). , …”

Nanomaterial-modulated cellular sodium extrusion and vacuolar sequestration for salt tolerance

“…Total RNA was extracted (OmniPlant RNA kit, DNase I, CWBIO, China) according to the manufacturer's protocol and converted to complementary cDNA using a reverse transcription kit (CWBIO, China) from control BY-2 cells, salt-stressed cells, and cells exposed to 0.1 mg L −1 nCeO 2 or 0.5 mg L −1 N-CDs at each interval (2,4,6,12,24,48, and 72 h), respectively. EF1α was applied as a reference gene and primers used are listed in Table S2.…”

“…Plant physiological (e.g., length, biomass, chlorophyll, and ABA content) and biochemical (e.g., proline content and total soluble sugar content) features are stimulated by NMs (e.g., nCeO 2 , nMo-S, nMn, and nMn 3 O 4 ) to alleviate salt stress. [5][6][7][8] Synthesis/accumulation of osmolytes, and restoration of photosynthesis and antioxidative machinery are known to be activated in NMtreated plants, while the initial perception (salt-sensing) and early signaling responses are still poorly understood. The perception and signaling cascade at the cellular level eventually determines organ growth/development and whole plant survival during salt stress.…”

Fluorescence Probes for Reactive Sulfur Species in Agricultural Chemistry

“…To this effect, it indirectly regulates intracellular redox homeostasis, participates in the detoxification of heavy metals from plants, and helps plants resist salt influx, drought, and other abiotic stresses effectively as they develop. It plays an important role in plant immune signal transduction by regulating the properties of regulatory proteins. − As a result of its strong reductivity, however, excessive Cys concentrations readily cause oxidative damage in plants, leading to cytotoxicity …”