Faces of ghrelin – research for the 21st century

Hellström, Per M.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01217.x

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Ghrelin has a short-term action on energy homeostasis, stimulating appetite and food intake, and a long-term effect, enhancing fat-mass deposition and body-weight gain [102]. Ghrelin secretion is increased by fasting and in response to weight loss, while it decreases under positive energy-balance conditions, such as food intake and obesity [103]. …”

Section: Ghrelinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Milk Hormones and Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis

Savino

Liguori

Sorrenti

et al. 2011

International Journal of Pediatrics

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Growing evidence suggests that a complex relationship exists between the central nervous system and peripheral organs involved in energy homeostasis. It consists in the balance between food intake and energy expenditure and includes the regulation of nutrient levels in storage organs, as well as in blood, in particular blood glucose. Therefore, food intake, energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis are strictly connected to each other. Several hormones, such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin, are involved in this complex regulation. These hormones play a role in the regulation of glucose metabolism and are involved in the development of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Recently, their presence in breast milk has been detected, suggesting that they may be involved in the regulation of growth in early infancy and could influence the programming of energy balance later in life. This paper focuses on hormones present in breast milk and their role in glucose homeostasis.

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Section: Ghrelinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Milk Hormones and Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis

Savino

Liguori

Sorrenti

et al. 2011

International Journal of Pediatrics

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“…Besides the stimulation of growth hormone (GH) release from the pituitary [23], ghrelin has a broad spectrum of biological functions which includes stimulation of appetite and a positive energy balance, control of gastrointestinal motility and gastric acid secretion, modulation of endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions, cell proliferation, glucose and lipid metabolism, and action in cardiovascular and immunological processes [24].…”

Section: Ghrelinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ghrelin and feeding behaviour in preterm infants

Savino¹,

Lupica²,

Liguori³

et al. 2012

Early Human Development

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Available online xxxx Keywords: Ghrelin Feeding behaviour Preterm infantThe importance of early life events in the development of metabolic diseases is well recognized. Early postnatal environment, including nutrition, is key to future health, and this is particularly true for preterm infants. It is important that these infants receive sufficient nutrients to prevent growth restriction and promote neurodevelopment, while minimizing predisposition to metabolic diseases later in life. Feeding habits are the fundamental elements of nutrition and are influenced by many factors, including personal and familial habits, socioeconomic status, and cultural environment. In the last decades, there has been an important scientific interest toward the comprehension of the molecular and neural mechanisms regulating appetite. In these networks, act many peptide hormones produced in brain or gut, among which ghrelin is important because of its action in the short-term regulation of food intake and the long-term regulation of body weight. Ghrelin stimulates appetite and plays a role in regulating feeding behaviour. Ghrelin levels vary from fetal life through to early adulthood, with the highest levels observed in the very early years. Cord ghrelin levels have been evaluated in term and preterm newborns and high ghrelin levels have been observed in smallfor-gestational age newborns and in newborns with intrauterine growth restriction. Moreover, ghrelin has been detected in term and preterm human breast milk, suggesting that it may play a role in the development of neuroendocrine pathways regulating appetite and energy homeostasis in early life. However, more research is required to better define ghrelin's role in breast milk and on feeding behaviour.

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“…Although several dietary and hormonal factors influence ghrelin concentration, in adults, ghrelin has a meal response: it increases 1–2 h before a meal 67 and returns to trough levels 1–2 h after a meal 68 . Ghrelin secretion increases under negative energy‐balance conditions, such as acute energy restriction and anorexia nervosa, and decreases under positive energy‐balance conditions, such as food intake and obesity 64 . In newborns, levels of ghrelin were higher in SGA babies than in AGA babies 69 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Can hormones contained in mothers’ milk account for the beneficial effect of breast‐feeding on obesity in children?

Savino

Fissore

Liguori

et al. 2009

Clinical Endocrinology

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SummaryNutrition and growth during infancy are an emerging issue because of their potential link to metabolic health disorders in later life. Moreover, prolonged breast-feeding appears to be associated with a lower risk of obesity than formula feeding. Human milk is a source of various hormones and growth factors, namely adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), ghrelin, resistin and obestatin, which are involved in food intake regulation and energy balance. These compounds are either not found in commercial milk formulas or their presence is still controversial. Diet-related differences during infancy in serum levels of factors involved in energy metabolism might explain anthropometric differences and also differences in dietary habits between breastfed (BF) and formula-fed (FF) infants later in life, and may thus have long-term health consequences. In this context, the recent finding of higher leptin levels and lower ghrelin levels in BF than in FF infants suggests that differences in hormonal values together with different protein intake could account for the differences in growth between BF and FF infants both during infancy and later in life. In this review, we examine the data related to hormones contained in mothers' milk and their potential protective effect on subsequent obesity and metabolicrelated disorders.

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Faces of ghrelin – research for the 21st century

Cited by 14 publications

References 27 publications

Breast Milk Hormones and Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis

Breast Milk Hormones and Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis

Ghrelin and feeding behaviour in preterm infants

Can hormones contained in mothers’ milk account for the beneficial effect of breast‐feeding on obesity in children?

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