Discomfort during the period of waiting before elective surgery can be reduced if patients are prepared with a carbohydrate-rich drink, compared with preoperative oral intake of water or overnight fasting. Visual analog scales can provide useful information about preoperative discomfort in elective surgery patients.

Both enhanced insulin sensitivity and incretin hormones, such as GLP-1, contribute to the early control of glucose homeostasis. Progressively increasing postprandial levels of enteroglucagon (oxyntomodulin) and GLP-1 facilitate weight loss and enhance insulin effectiveness.

SUMMARY BackgroundThe wireless motility capsule (WMC) offers the ability to investigate luminal gastrointestinal (GI) physiology in a minimally invasive manner.

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on solid gastric emptying and the subsequent release of pancreatic and intestinal hormones. In eight men [age 33.6 ± 2.5 yr, body mass index 24.1 ± 0.9 (means ± SE)], scintigraphic solid gastric emptying during infusion of GLP-1 (0.75 pmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) or saline was studied for 180 min. Concomitantly, plasma concentrations of C- and N-terminal GLP-1, glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, and peptide YY (PYY) were assessed. Infusion of GLP-1 resulted in a profound inhibition of both the lag phase (GLP-1: 91.5, range 73.3–103.6 min vs. saline: 19.5, range 10.2–43.4 min) and emptying rate (GLP-1: 0.34, range 0.06–0.56 %/min vs. saline: 0.84, range 0.54–1.33 %/min; P< 0.01 for both) of solid gastric emptying. Concentrations of both intact and total GLP-1 were elevated to supraphysiological levels. Plasma glucose and glucagon concentrations were below baseline during infusion of GLP-1 in contrast to saline infusion, where concentrations were elevated above baseline (both P< 0.001). The insulin and C-peptide responses were lower during infusion with GLP-1 than with saline ( P < 0.004 and P < 0.001, respectively). Plasma PYY concentrations decreased below baseline during GLP-1 infusion in contrast to saline, where concentrations were elevated above baseline ( P = 0.04). Infusion of GLP-1 inhibits solid gastric emptying with secondary effects on the release of insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon, resulting in lower plasma glucose concentrations. In addition, the release of PYY into the circulation is inhibited by GLP-1 infusion, suggesting a negative feedback of GLP-1 on the function of the L-cell.

© 2 0 1 8 M a c m i l l a n P u b l i s h e r s L i m i t e d , p a r t o f S p r i n g e r N a t u r e . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .on already available consensus statements 3,4 . Consensus statements from other gastrointestinal societies or expert groups were searched for and included when appropriate, for example, if they were published more recently or if they covered relevant areas not specifically addressed in the previous documents 3,4 . Moreover, an updated literature search using PubMed and Medline was performed centrally by the corresponding author (J.K.) with additions from the co-authors. The literature search started on the date specified as the end date of the lite ature searches performed for two previously published consensus papers 3,4 (that is, 1 Jan 2008 for intraluminal measure ments of gastrointestinal motility and 1 Jan 2010 for transit tests); the search covered the period until 14 Apr 2016 and was generally limited to human studies. The literature search revealed 1,111 publications, of which 202 were selected on the basis of study quality (which did not include a formal evaluation, but the level of evidence was assessed in line with the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine (https://www.cebm.net/2009/06/oxford-centre-evidencebased-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/) and were made available to all authors. Low-quality studies were also considered if the topic was deemed rele vant and not covered otherwise. The literature search on gastric emptying included the following terms, revealing 624 papers: "gastric emptying", "gastro paresis", "dumping", "measurement", "test", "evalu ation" and "diagnosis". The literature search on intra luminal tests of gastric motility included the following terms, revealing 67 papers: "gastric", "antral", "antro duo denal", "antro duodenojejunal", "motility", "contraction", "intraluminal" and "mano metry". The literature search on small bowel transit included the following terms, revealing 130 papers: "orocaecal transit", "OCCT", "small bowel transit", "intestinal transit", "measurement", "test", "evaluation", "diagnosis", "sensitivity" and "specificity". The literature search on intraluminal tests of small bowel motility included the following terms, revealing 13 papers: "small bowel", "antroduodenal", "antroduodenojejunal", " intestinal", "intraluminal", "motility" and "manometry".The literature search on colonic transit included the following terms, revealing 222 papers: "colonic transit", "Hinton", "measurement", "test", "evaluation", "diagnosis", "sensitivity" and specificity. The literature search on intraluminal tests of colonic motility included the follow ing terms, revealing 55 papers: "colonic", " motility", "contraction", "intraluminal" and "manometry".Statements were distributed via e-mail, and each author had to confirm full agreement, minor concerns or disagreement in writing. Concerns or disagreement had to be explained. All statements with at least one author in disagreement or more than three authors with minor concerns were modi...