The 2016 HaPanEU/United European Gastroenterology guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations concerning key aspects of the medical and surgical management of chronic pancreatitis based on current available evidence. These recommendations should serve as a reference standard for existing management of the disease and as a guide for future clinical research.

The consensus group determined that grade C or D esophagitis, peptic stricture, histology proven Barrett's mucosa >1 cm, and esophageal acid exposure greater >6% are sufficient to define pathological GERD. Further testing should be considered when none of these criteria are fulfilled.

!Chronic pancreatitis is a disease of the pancreas in which recurrent inflammatory episodes result in replacement of pancreatic parenchyma by fibrous connective tissue. This fibrotic reorganisation of the pancreas leads to a progressive exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency. In addition, characteristic complications arise, such as pseudocysts, pancreatic duct obstructions, duodenal obstruction, vascular complications, obstruction of the bile ducts, malnutrition and pain syndrome. Pain presents as the main symptom of patients with chronic pancreatitis. Chronic pancreatitis is a risk factor for pancreatic carcinoma. Chronic pancreatitis significantly reduces the quality of life and the life expectancy of affected patients. These guidelines were researched and compiled by 74 representatives from 11 learned societies and their intention is to serve evidence-based professional training as well as continuing education. On this basis they shall improve the medical care of affected patients in both the inpatient and outpatient sector. Chronic pancreatitis requires an adequate diagnostic workup and systematic management, given its severity, frequency, chronicity, and negative impact on the quality of life and life expectancy. This document was downloaded for personal use only. Unauthorized distribution is strictly prohibited. Zusammenfassung

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POEM is a promising new treatment for achalasia resulting in short-term symptom relief in >90% of cases. Studies evaluating long-term efficacy and comparing POEM with established treatments have been initiated.

Structural and motor EGJ and esophageal processes contribute to the pathophysiology of GERD. A classification scheme is proposed incorporating EGJ and esophageal motor findings, and contraction reserve on provocative tests during HRM.

© 2 0 1 8 M a c m i l l a n P u b l i s h e r s L i m i t e d , p a r t o f S p r i n g e r N a t u r e . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .on already available consensus statements 3,4 . Consensus statements from other gastrointestinal societies or expert groups were searched for and included when appropriate, for example, if they were published more recently or if they covered relevant areas not specifically addressed in the previous documents 3,4 . Moreover, an updated literature search using PubMed and Medline was performed centrally by the corresponding author (J.K.) with additions from the co-authors. The literature search started on the date specified as the end date of the lite ature searches performed for two previously published consensus papers 3,4 (that is, 1 Jan 2008 for intraluminal measure ments of gastrointestinal motility and 1 Jan 2010 for transit tests); the search covered the period until 14 Apr 2016 and was generally limited to human studies. The literature search revealed 1,111 publications, of which 202 were selected on the basis of study quality (which did not include a formal evaluation, but the level of evidence was assessed in line with the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine (https://www.cebm.net/2009/06/oxford-centre-evidencebased-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/) and were made available to all authors. Low-quality studies were also considered if the topic was deemed rele vant and not covered otherwise. The literature search on gastric emptying included the following terms, revealing 624 papers: "gastric emptying", "gastro paresis", "dumping", "measurement", "test", "evalu ation" and "diagnosis". The literature search on intra luminal tests of gastric motility included the following terms, revealing 67 papers: "gastric", "antral", "antro duo denal", "antro duodenojejunal", "motility", "contraction", "intraluminal" and "mano metry". The literature search on small bowel transit included the following terms, revealing 130 papers: "orocaecal transit", "OCCT", "small bowel transit", "intestinal transit", "measurement", "test", "evaluation", "diagnosis", "sensitivity" and "specificity". The literature search on intraluminal tests of small bowel motility included the following terms, revealing 13 papers: "small bowel", "antroduodenal", "antroduodenojejunal", " intestinal", "intraluminal", "motility" and "manometry".The literature search on colonic transit included the following terms, revealing 222 papers: "colonic transit", "Hinton", "measurement", "test", "evaluation", "diagnosis", "sensitivity" and specificity. The literature search on intraluminal tests of colonic motility included the follow ing terms, revealing 55 papers: "colonic", " motility", "contraction", "intraluminal" and "manometry".Statements were distributed via e-mail, and each author had to confirm full agreement, minor concerns or disagreement in writing. Concerns or disagreement had to be explained. All statements with at least one author in disagreement or more than three authors with minor concerns were modi...

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