The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on solid gastric emptying and the subsequent release of pancreatic and intestinal hormones. In eight men [age 33.6 ± 2.5 yr, body mass index 24.1 ± 0.9 (means ± SE)], scintigraphic solid gastric emptying during infusion of GLP-1 (0.75 pmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) or saline was studied for 180 min. Concomitantly, plasma concentrations of C- and N-terminal GLP-1, glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, and peptide YY (PYY) were assessed. Infusion of GLP-1 resulted in a profound inhibition of both the lag phase (GLP-1: 91.5, range 73.3–103.6 min vs. saline: 19.5, range 10.2–43.4 min) and emptying rate (GLP-1: 0.34, range 0.06–0.56 %/min vs. saline: 0.84, range 0.54–1.33 %/min; P< 0.01 for both) of solid gastric emptying. Concentrations of both intact and total GLP-1 were elevated to supraphysiological levels. Plasma glucose and glucagon concentrations were below baseline during infusion of GLP-1 in contrast to saline infusion, where concentrations were elevated above baseline (both P< 0.001). The insulin and C-peptide responses were lower during infusion with GLP-1 than with saline ( P < 0.004 and P < 0.001, respectively). Plasma PYY concentrations decreased below baseline during GLP-1 infusion in contrast to saline, where concentrations were elevated above baseline ( P = 0.04). Infusion of GLP-1 inhibits solid gastric emptying with secondary effects on the release of insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon, resulting in lower plasma glucose concentrations. In addition, the release of PYY into the circulation is inhibited by GLP-1 infusion, suggesting a negative feedback of GLP-1 on the function of the L-cell.
In summary, this study shows that scintigraphic, paracetamol tracer, and PEG dilution methods can all be used to assess gastric emptying. The use of the paracetamol tracer technique offers a relatively inexpensive technique that yields a good approximation of gastric emptying as verified by the scintigraphic emptying of a solid meal.
Nod1, Nod2, and Nalp3 receptors were found to be present in the human nose. The expression of Nod1 and Nalp3 were down-regulated during pollen season among patients with allergic rhinitis. This opens up for new insights and novel therapeutic strategies in inflammatory airway disease.
The present study demonstrates the presence of NLRs in several upper airway tissues and highlights a potential role of NLRs in chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps.
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