Exploring Trajectories of Young Mothers’ Parenting Stress in Early Childhood: Associations with Protective Factors and Psychological Vulnerabilities

How Personality Relates to Distress in Parents during the Covid-19 Lockdown: The Mediating Role of Child’s Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties and the Moderating Effect of Living with Other People

“…This may have been due to parents’ limited parenting competence and experience when children were young. Indeed, previous studies have shown that, as children age and become increasingly self-reliant, parents gain parenting knowledge and experience less parenting stress [ 51 , 52 ].…”

The Brief COPE: Measurement Invariance and Psychometric Properties among Community and At-Risk Portuguese Parents

“…This shows that vulnerable parents tend to use fewer positive strategies, encompassing initiative to solve the stressful situation, and more avoidance and escapist strategies, which can be somewhat analysed in light of approach-avoidance theories [ 53 ]. Not only do parents from at-risk contexts feel overwhelmed by parenting role demands [ 10 , 13 ], but they also reveal adopting fewer and not as effective coping strategies. As Liga and colleagues [ 54 ] pointed out, when some people with vulnerability features experience strong pressure, they can perceive their skills for dealing with the situation as limited and end up choosing avoidant strategies [ 55 , 56 ].…”

“…Taking into consideration one of the instruments most frequently used in the international literature to assess this dimension, the Parenting Stress Index—Short Form [ 8 ], at-risk families’ scores generally fall between 80 to 100 points in the total parental stress scale [ 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], whereas families from community samples score around 70 points [ 9 , 12 ]. This indicates that parents living in contexts of psychosocial risk tend to frequently feel overwhelmed by the demands derived from their parenting role [ 10 , 11 , 13 ].…”

Parenting Stress Index-Short Form: psychometric properties of the Spanish version in mothers of children aged 0 to 8 years

“…Research has also shown parenting stress as a normative process that can affect every parent. However, it may be more severe for parents of children with clinically significant emotional, behavioural, or health issues (Crnic et al, 2005;Deater-Deckard & Panneton, 2017;Holly et al, 2019), and particularly challenging for families where parenting demands converge with negative situational circumstances (e.g., low-income) or personal difficulties (e.g., parents mental health problems, children with subclinical behaviour problems; Barroso et al, 2018;Menon et al, 2020). Higher levels of parenting stress have been found to be associated to depression and psychological difficulties in parents (Schleider et al, 2015;Theule et al, 2010;Thomason et al, 2014), behaviour problems and self-regulation difficulties in children (Anthony et al, 2005;Mackler et al, 2015;Mäntymaa et al, 2012;Stone et al, 2016), and negative interactions between parents and children (Dubois-Comtois et al, 2013;Gerdes et al, 2007;Van Steijn et al, 2014).…”