Exploration of Blood Coagulation of N-Alkyl Chitosan Nanofiber Membrane in Vitro

Abstract

N-Alkylated chitosan (NACS) may improve the blood clotting efficiency of chitosan (CS). To study its blood coagulation capability, a series of NACSs with various carbon chain lengths and degrees of substitution (DS) of alkyl groups were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, NMR, elemental analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The corresponding NACS nanofiber membranes (NACS-NM) were subsequently fabricated by electronic spinning technique. SEM, XRD, DSC, surface area, porosity, contact angle, blood absorption, and mechanical properties were used to characterize the CS-NM/NACS-NM. Moreover, cytotoxicity, coagulation, activated partial thromboplastin time, plasma prothrombin time, thrombin time, and platelet aggregation tests were performed to evaluate the biocompatibility and blood coagulation properties of NACS-NM. The results showed that NACS-NM was not cytotoxic. NACS-NM with DS of 19.25% for N-hexane CS (CS6b), 17.87% for N-dodecane CS (CS12b), and 8.97% for N-octadecane CS (CS18a) exhibited good blood clotting performance. Moreover, NACS-NMs favored the activation of coagulation factors and platelets. In addition, intracellular Ca was not related to platelet activation. The above results suggested that NACS-NM would be an effective hemostatic agent.

Robust hemostatic bandages based on nanoclay electrospun membranes

“…It is worth noting that KEM 1.5 showed the best hemostasis capability among all the NEMs, which reaches the 'standard of care' level for commercial products (ClG and CoG) in the three in vivo bleeding models (Fig. 4a), varied from those reported nanoclay-containing composites 13,14,16,19 , inorganic nanoparticles 44 and other hemostatic materials 5,6,45,46 that involve poor mechanical strength and inflammation and thrombosis risk due to fine particles or the particles exfoliation from incompact structure (Supplementary Table 2).…”

“…15 and Supplementary Discussion), respectively, all among normal ranges. It means that a general level was maintained on TT, FIB, PT, or APTT treated with NEMs, which indirectly suggested no obvious bleeding or thrombosis risk for local and other surrounding organs, indicating a good safety of coagulation system 6,45 . And it indicated that the hemostatic mechanism of NEMs may not be significantly related to extrinsic (tissue factor) coagulation cascade pathway activation 13,45 , which is consistent with the results of Thromboelastogram (Supplementary Fig.…”

Self‐Propelling Janus Particles for Hemostasis in Perforating and Irregular Wounds with Massive Hemorrhage

“…The experimental details are as previously reported. [32,33] No treatment, NS, MS, MSS, and MSST were used as controls in these assays. Additionally, thrombin (the amount of which was balanced in molar equivalents to that of Janus MSS@CaCO 3 T) was used as a positive control in the whole blood clotting assay.…”

Recent Advances in Hemostasis at the Nanoscale

“…Wang et al synthesized a series of N‐alkylated chitosan with different carbon chain lengths and alkyl substitution degrees, and made them into nanofibers by electrospinning. These fibers have high specific surface area, contact angle, and blood absorption properties, no toxicity, short clotting time, can induce platelet adhesion, aggregation, and activation, and exhibit excellent hemostatic properties …”