Expenditure on research and development activities as a determinant of the innovativeness of the European Union’s economy

Firlej, Krzysztof

doi:10.15611/pn.2019.7.03

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The literature review, as well as the authors' own empirical analyses, indicate that one of the main determinants of innovativeness (both before and during the pandemic) are expenditures of the business sector on R&D (e.g. Huňady & Pisár, 2021;Firlej, 2019) as well as education expressed through participation in lifelong learning and the percentage of people with tertiary education (e.g. Denkowska et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In search of key determinants of innovativeness in the regions of the Visegrad group countries

Roszko‐Wójtowicz

Dańska-Borsiak

Grzelak

et al. 2022

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Research background: Discussions on the state of the economy in times of crisis focus not only on maintaining or improving innovativeness, but also on the emergence of new dimensions of this phenomenon and changing the significance of individual determinants of innovativeness. Innovativeness is a complex, multidimensional and difficult to measure phenomenon, which implies the need to select various indicators and methods for its assessment. Synthetic measures of innovativeness are widely used in comparative analyses, in particular presenting results in international or interregional cross-sections. The degree of innovativeness should also be assessed at different levels of economic aggregation. The lower the level of aggregation, the easier it becomes to capture the specific determinants of the increase in innovativeness of a given area. Purpose of the article: The main aim of the paper is to attempt to measure the relationship between expenditures and results of innovative activities for NUTS-2 regions of the Visegrad Group countries. Three variables were adopted to describe the effects of innovative activity: PCT patent applications per billion GDP (in PPS), trademark applications per billion GDP (in PPS) and public-private co-publications per million of population. Methods: The study covered 37 NUTS-2 regions of the Visegrad Group countries in the years 2014?2021. From the point of view of the purpose of the paper and the need to search for the relationship between expenditures on innovative activity and the results of this activity, it is worth emphasizing that the use of static and dynamic econometric models proved to be a substantively correct solution leading to the formulation of clear conclusions. Findings & value added: The conducted research confirmed that business R&D expenditure on GDP has a positive effect on inventions expressed by patents and trademarks, especially in the long run. In addition, the literature review and empirical analyses indicate that the main determinants of innovativeness (both before and during the pandemic) are the expenditures of economic entities on R&D, competences expressed by the level of education or participation in tertiary education, as well as the number of ICT specialists and the percentage of people employed in science and technology. Despite the deterioration of many macroeconomic indicators in the countries of the Visegrad Group, the expenditures of the business sector on R&D in most regions did not decrease between 2019 and 2021. The added value of the paper is the presented research procedure, which can be used in analyses of innovativeness also for other groups of regions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In search of key determinants of innovativeness in the regions of the Visegrad group countries

Roszko‐Wójtowicz

Dańska-Borsiak

Grzelak

et al. 2022

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“…Among the keywords in an area related to regression analysis, however it is very small. Studies have been reported in the literature on measuring innovation [ 34 – 36 ], the dimensions of measuring innovation and R&D performance [ 37 , 38 ], to select various indicators and methods for its assessment [ 8 ]; the literature review in term of innovativeness measures were classified in terms of inputs, capabilities and outputs [ 39 ], impact of expenditure on research and development activity on its results [ 40 ], the relationship between innovation investment and regional innovation performance [ 41 ], the use of innovation scoreboards as a main device for policy monitoring and benchmarking [ 42 ], a procedure of measurement of innovativeness growth over time [ 43 ], taxonomic methods of measure development in this innovation area [ 44 ] and formal model for measuring R&D performance [ 45 ]. On this basis, the variables presented in the research methodology were selected.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of R&D activity on level of innovation of EU countries in 2014 and 2020

Piotrowska,

Szymura,

Wanicki

2024

PLoS ONE

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Research and development carried out by companies are pivotal for innovative economies of countries, especially in the unpredictable and changing social, economic and political environment. In this context, it is very important to answer, which factors identify the effectiveness of measures in relation to R&D activity and innovativeness in EU countries and how should the degree of development of a country be assessed in terms of R&D activity? The purpose of this article is to verify level of innovativeness and degree of research and development (R&D) activity in EU countries in the years 2014 and 2020 using Hellwig’s measure of development. To achieve this, qualitative and quantitative analysis, synthesis, deduction and induction, comparative analysis, and reasoning by analogy of phenomena were employed. The research was conducted on the basis of the expertly selected variables for their relation to R&D activity from a number of sources, such as Eurostat, World Bank Data, etc.. The indicated variables were analysed using statistical methods and then subjected to a linear ordering procedure based on the Hellwig development pattern method. Thanks to the research results, it is possible to indicate areas in which the initiation of activities would have the greatest degree of influence on development of R&D activity, thus influencing the increase in the level of innovativeness of a country. Indicators relating to R&D activity were selected and then used as variables to study the effect of the degree of R&D activity in EU countries in the years 2014 and 2020 on the level of innovativeness of these countries. The conducted research coincides with the results presented in the European Innovation Scoreboard. There is a significant correlation between the development of R&D activities and innovation performance.

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“…The inherent elements of innovative activity, on the basis of which it can be assessed, are, on the one hand, input components, which include, among others, outlays (expenses) on innovation, including R&D activity. On the other hand, there are exit elements that are extremely diverse, and their selection in many cases depends on the purpose and context of the entire research (Bilbao-Osorio & Rodriguez-Pose, 2004 ; Carlson, 2011 ; Firlej, 2019 ). The effects of innovative activity may include aspects related to the improvement of product quality, but also, apart from strictly product changes, streamlining work, and improving production efficiency (Babuchowska & Marks-Bielska, 2021 ).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innovative Activity of the Service Sector of the EU Member States

Decyk

2023

J Knowl Econ

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Expenditures on innovative activities, including R&D, play a key role in introducing innovations and consequently in the level of innovativeness. The aim of the research was to assess the level of innovative activity in the service sector in the Member States of the European Union (EU), in terms of incurred expenditure and achieved effects. To achieve the given aim various methods were used, including: monographic method, analysis and criticism of the literature, index and statistical analyses. The implementation of the assumed goal was carried out on the basis of two groups of indicators — effects and expenditure incurred on innovative activities. The research procedure was carried out in three stages: detailed assessment of the indicators, identification of similarities within the studied countries and determination of correlations occurring in them, and assessment of the synthetic Perkal’s indicator regarding outlays and effects. The results of the research provided information on the level of the use of inputs in relation to the effects in the service sector of individual EU countries. Countries ranked high in the innovativeness ranking (Denmark, France) are characterized by higher outlays and the effects achieved as a result of them, as well as show favorable or neutral relations between them. A high level of effects in relation to the expenditure was also observed in Malta, Spain, and Croatia. The results of the research constitute valuable information on the effectiveness of the use of expenditure on innovative activities, especially significant from the point of view of service entities from countries with a low level of innovative activity. These enterprises should draw on good practices and experience and even try to cooperate in the creation of innovations with companies from countries with a high level of innovative activity. Consequently, such practices will contribute to a more dynamic and sustainable development of innovativeness in the service sector of all EU.

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Expenditure on research and development activities as a determinant of the innovativeness of the European Union’s economy

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

In search of key determinants of innovativeness in the regions of the Visegrad group countries

In search of key determinants of innovativeness in the regions of the Visegrad group countries

Effect of R&D activity on level of innovation of EU countries in 2014 and 2020

Innovative Activity of the Service Sector of the EU Member States

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