Positive psychology has recently seen unprecedented rise and has reached vast achievements in the area of quality of life (QoL) improvement. The purpose of this study is to show that there are different aspects of well-being that make healthy older people motivated to learn a foreign language at a later age. The research was conducted in the Czech Republic and Poland in two groups of learners aged 55 years and more. The experimental group consisted of 105 Czech respondents who were targeted with an online questionnaire with the aim to determine the level of FLL outcomes connected to QoL in healthy older adults in their L2 acquisition. The second experimental group (n = 100) was established of Polish seniors who attended similar language courses. The findings of the research clearly show that FLL has an irreplaceable role as one of several non-pharmacological strategies utilized to improve the aging process and reduce drawbacks of aging. The results indicate that seniors' overall satisfaction and subjective feelings of well-being are enormously high when attending foreign language classes at older age. FLL, therefore, creates an environment that can enhance QoL of older adults that can be supplemented by other means such as well-balanced diet, other social activities, sport and physical activity, music, or computer games. All these intervention methods can significantly improve QoL of older adults and the parties engaged and/or responsible for taking care of older generation should take it into serious consideration.
This article aims to determine to what extent and with what time delay expenditure on research and development activity are determined by the effects of innovative activity. The accepted research hypothesis is that the positive impact of expenditure on research and development activity on its results is visible already after one or two years from when they were incurred. In order to empirically verify the proposed research hypothesis, the correlation between selected variables relating to R&D spending in 2013-2017 and selected variables determining the effects of innovative activity in 2018 in EU economies was examined. The results obtained in the study made it possible to verify the research hypothesis by confirming the important role of expenditure on research and development activity in the context of creating innovation of the economy, with particular emphasis on the financial resources of the private sector.
ABSTRACT. The aim of the article is to verify the thesis that the social media as a source of information and promotion affect an economic success of a tourist destination. Path modelling allowes to prove that although the social media do not directly influence an economic success of a destination, their role reveales in an indirect effect by an organization of a tourist's stay. Therefore a function of the social media becomes important in such aspects as the length of a stay, a place of accommodation, the number of persons accompanying in a travel and the use of a tour guide services. The biggest influence on the organization of a stay has the first variable that is the length of a stay. To conclude, a well planned offer of products will decide about the duration of a stay, thus guests expenses which will translate into an economic success of a destination.
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