Exosomes in cancer: small vesicular transporters for cancer progression and metastasis, biomarkers in cancer therapeutics

Abak, Atefe; Abhari, Alireza; Rahimzadeh, Sevda

doi:10.7717/peerj.4763

Cited by 60 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 208 publications

(127 reference statements)

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“…Cancer cells communicate closely with the cells in their microenvironment, and this communication promotes malignancy via abnormal growth, invasion, drug resistance and metastasis. Increasing evidence illustrates that exosomes derived from tumor cells trigger tumor initiation, tumor cell growth and progression, metastasis, and drug resistance [290][291][292][293][294][295][296][297]. Exosome release by PCa cells modify the tumor microenviroment and play a key role in PCa initiation and progression [298][299][300][301][302][303].…”

Section: Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes of pasteurized milk: potential pathogens of Western diseases

Melnik

Schmitz

2019

J Transl Med

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Milk consumption is a hallmark of western diet. According to common believes, milk consumption has beneficial effects for human health. Pasteurization of cow's milk protects thermolabile vitamins and other organic compounds including bioactive and bioavailable exosomes and extracellular vesicles in the range of 40-120 nm, which are pivotal mediators of cell communication via systemic transfer of specific micro-ribonucleic acids, mRNAs and regulatory proteins such as transforming growth factor-β. There is compelling evidence that human and bovine milk exosomes play a crucial role for adequate metabolic and immunological programming of the newborn infant at the beginning of extrauterine life. Milk exosomes assist in executing an anabolic, growth-promoting and immunological program confined to the postnatal period in all mammals. However, epidemiological and translational evidence presented in this review indicates that continuous exposure of humans to exosomes of pasteurized milk may confer a substantial risk for the development of chronic diseases of civilization including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, common cancers (prostate, breast, liver, B-cells) as well as Parkinson's disease. Exosomes of pasteurized milk may represent new pathogens that should not reach the human food chain.

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Section: Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes of pasteurized milk: potential pathogens of Western diseases

Melnik

Schmitz

2019

J Transl Med

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“…The mechanism of tumor progression exosome mediated pathways consists in the ability to develop an environment that can support angiogenesis, tumor progression and premetastatic niche formation (39). On the other hand, exosomes can promote tumor resistance and progression by modulating the immune system, and by altering the genetic and epigenetic factors (40).…”

Section: Biomarkers In Melanoma Brain Metastasis Predictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and cellular stratagem of brain metastases associated with melanoma (Review)

et al. 2019

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Tumors of the central nervous system are the most prevalent complications of melanoma, especially in the late stage of disease. Melanoma, lung and breast cancer are the leading cause of secondary tumors in the brain, the majority of them having a poor outcome. Brain dissemination is developed in half of stage IV melanomas and these cases can increase up to 75%, having a major impact on the quality of life. This review will focus on recent findings that provide new ways to potentially prevent brain metastases in malignant melanoma. The key of these findings is based on the heterogeneity of the melanoma and of the brain metastases at genetic levels. This new era of technologies provides new tools in understanding the dissemination mechanisms of malignant cells. The cellular and molecular changes, the immune status of the patient and the blood-brain barrier permeability are key regulators of cancer cell dissemination. Understanding these mechanisms can render new hope in preventing brain metastases by focusing on melanoma and new pharmacologic approaches. Contents

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“…Transporting a variety of biologically active substances, such as proteins and nucleic acids, exosomes mediate local and systemic cell communication (22,23). Accumulating evidence demonstrates that cancer-derived exosomes play a critical role in tumor metastasis (24)(25)(26). However, little is known about CSC-derived exosomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes derived from Piwil2‑induced cancer stem cells transform fibroblasts into cancer‑associated fibroblasts

Zhang

Shen

et al. 2020

Oncol Rep

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Recently, several studies have demonstrated that cancer cell-derived exosomes can facilitate tumor development and metastasis formation. However, the detailed function of exosomes released by cancer stem cells (CSCs) requires further investigation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of CSC-derived exosomes in tumor development. For this purpose, Piwil2-induced cancer stem cells (Piwil2-iCSCs) were used as exosome-generating cells, while fibroblasts (FBs) served as recipient cells. Exosomes were isolated by the ultracentrifugation of Piwil2-iCSC-conditioned medium and identified by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blot analysis. To evaluate the effects of the exosomes on cell proliferation, migration and invasion, cell counting assay (CCK-8), a wound healing assay and a Transwell assay were performed. Protein expression [matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, MMP9, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and vimentin and fibroblast-activating protein (FAP)] was examined in FBs by western blot analysis. It was found that the Piwil2-iCSC-derived exosomes (Piwil2-iCSC-Exo) were oval or spherical, membrane-coated vesicles with a uniform size (30-100 nm in diameter). They are characterized by the surface expression of CD9, CD63, Hsp70 and Piwil2 proteins. Additional results from functional analyses revealed that Piwil2-iCSC-Exo enhanced the proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities of FBs, accompanied by the upregulated expression of MMP2 and MMP9. In addition, the increased expression of α-SMA (P<0.05), vimentin (P<0.01 vs. control group, P<0.05 vs. PBS group) and FAP (P<0.001 vs. control group, P<0.01 vs. PBS group) following exposure to Piwil2-iCSC-Exo suggested that the exosomes induced FB transformation into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). On the whole, the findings of this study demonstrate that Piwil2-iCSC-Exo induce the cancer-associated phenotype in fibroblasts in vitro, suggesting that CSCs can promote tumor development through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment.

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Exosomes in cancer: small vesicular transporters for cancer progression and metastasis, biomarkers in cancer therapeutics

Cited by 60 publications

References 208 publications

Exosomes of pasteurized milk: potential pathogens of Western diseases

Exosomes of pasteurized milk: potential pathogens of Western diseases

Molecular and cellular stratagem of brain metastases associated with melanoma (Review)

Exosomes derived from Piwil2‑induced cancer stem cells transform fibroblasts into cancer‑associated fibroblasts

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