Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets and gold nanoparticles based electrochemical sensor for determination of levodopa

Review. Electrochemical sensors used in the determination of L‐Dopa

“…Silva and co‐workers 17 described a rapid method for the determination of L‐dopa in pharmaceutical samples using a sensor based on GCE modified with exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets distributed on a suspension of gold nanoparticles within carboxymethylcelullose (AuNP‐CMC‐xGnP/GCE). Using the SWV in optimal conditions, the linear range for L‐dopa was between 5 and 50 μmol/L, with of detection limit of 0.5 μmol/L.…”

“…The proposed sensor showed that it can be used for the determination of L‐dopa in pharmaceutical samples. The recoveries of L‐dopa in pharmaceutical samples varied from 98% and 107%, indicating that the AuNP‐CMC‐xGnP/GCE exhibited a good accuracy 17 …”

“…A number of analytical methods are used for the determination of L‐dopa, such as high performance liquid chromatography, 6–9 electrochemiluminescence, 10 spectrophotometry, 11 flow injection analysis, 12 capillary zone electrophoresis, 13 and fluorescence methods 14,15 . Although these methods provide high sensitivity, a series of disadvantages could be identified, such as complexity, long testing time and high costs 16–19 . Compared to these methods, electrochemical techniques have attracted attention due to their simplicity, low cost, good sensitivity, and rapid response time 2,16,20 .…”

First Report for Levodopa Electrocatalytic Oxidation Based on Copper Metal‐Organic Framework (MOF): Application in a Voltammetric Sensor Development for Levodopa in Real Samples

“…LOD and LOQ were calculated by formulas respectively, where S refers to the standard deviation of three times measurements of blank current and M is the calibration curve slope. Linear range, sensitivity and LOD of the developed electrode were compared with the other previous reports about LD determination [1,2,4,5,8,11,33] in Table 1. As can be seen, our developed electrode shows a completely satisfying performance.…”

“…[1][2][3][4] Direct treatment with dopamine is not effective because dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the central nervous system [1][2][3][4][5] so, levodopa [3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) -L-alanine] (LD) is used for the oral treatment of PD, which is converted to dopamine by the brain's aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase enzyme. [1,4,6] LD is a vital catecholamine drug, a biologically active additive and a psychoactive substance that is found in certain types of foods and medicinal plants. [7] However, an overdose of LD is destructive and can cause side effects such as nausea, schizophrenia, paranoia, arrhythmias, vomits, hypotension, movement disorder, the development of dyskinesias and motor fluctuations.…”