Evolutionary strategy technique to optimize the grounding grids design

Designing of cost minimum substation grounding grid system using DE, SCA, and HDESCA techniques

“…The electromagnetic properties of homogeneous or multi‐layer soil and dimensions of grounding grid affect the safety parameters [2]. Many numerical algorithms and analytical methods have been proposed to design the grounding system for outdoor and indoor substations [3–7]. Use of semi‐analytical method for designing grounding system having complex geometry is reported in [3].…”

“…In [4], comparison of mesh and step voltage with the permissible touch and step voltage for 161/69‐kV indoor and outdoor substation grounding grid is reported using the standards. Genetic algorithm (GA) in [5] and charge simulation method (CSM) in [6] are used to evaluate safety parameters of grounding system. The proper designs always focus on safety limitations of grounding system like grounding system resistance, ground potential rise (GPR), touch voltage, and step voltage.…”

“…Hence, purpose of grounding grid design is not only to fulfil the safety factors but also to reduce the planning and construction cost. Grounding grid designers are familiar with grid having its conductors equally spaced than one with having unequally spaced conductors [6–8]. In equally spaced grounding grid (ESG), the touch voltage has maximum value in the corner meshes and decrease towards the centre.…”

Earthing grid designs for heterogeneous soil structures in hilly regions using current simulation method

“…The assumption of the heterogeneous model in uniform homogeneous [8,9] is a simpler approach but generates somewhat less accurate results. Computerised simulation techniques [15,16,[18][19][20][21] are nowadays quite efficient in cutting off the labour, time and money spent on the manual experimental techniques for assessment of the grid designs.…”

Control the cost, touch and step voltages of the grounding grids design

“…Various works focus on how to optimise the grounding grid design to ensure the safety and reliability issues [1,[4][5][6]. Sverak in [7] reported the roles of unequal span arrangement among grounding conductors to optimise the substation grounding grid design.…”