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PAGES 39392 and 39397:The same images of gastric mucosal sections were used to represent the results of different experiments in Fig. 1A and Fig. 7 by mistake. The correct gastric mucosal sections after indomethacin treatment for 12 and 24 h are now shown in Fig. 1A, and the correct gastric mucosal sections at 0, 4, and 48 h after indomethacin treatment, 48 h after indomethacin and zinc protoporphyrin treatment, and 4 h after zinc protoporphyrin treatment are now shown in Fig. 7. These corrections do not change the interpretation of the results or the conclusions of this work.

These findings are important for computer-assisted approaches towards surveillance of emerging Zika virus strains as well as in the design of drugs and vaccines to combat the growth and spread of the Zika virus.

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9The Nipah virus disease is a lethal infection that has led to 40% to 75% fatalities in Malaysia, 10 Bangladesh and India. The reports of human-to-human transmission documented in Bangladesh 11 has raised the specter of pandemic potential and has caused the World Health Organization to list 12 the Nipah virus as one of the pathogens to be considered for development of drugs and vaccines 13 on urgent basis, neither of which exist against the Nipah virus as of now, although many 14 proposals have been made and trials initiated. Given that there are established country-specific 15 differences in the virus' effects and fatalities, meeting the sudden need for a vaccine in case of an 16 epidemic will require design, development and preparation for a peptide vaccine. Thus, we 17 propose a protocol for creating peptide vaccines that can be tailor-made for these specific 18 countries, an approach which is being advocated for the first time. Here, we analyze the surface 19 proteins, Fusion protein and Glycoprotein, of the strains currently affecting the three countries on 20 a large scale and determine the specific country-based epitope differences. 21

Human papillomavirus (HPV) occurs in many types, some of which cause cervical, genital, and other cancers. While vaccination is available against the major cancer-causing HPV types, many others are not covered by these preventive measures. Herein, we present a bioinformatics study for the designing of multivalent peptide vaccines against multiple HPV types as an alternative strategy to the virus-like particle vaccines being used now. Our technique of rational design of peptide vaccines is expected to ensure stability of the vaccine against many cycles of mutational changes, elicit immune response, and negate autoimmune possibilities. Using the L1 capsid protein sequences, we identified several peptides for potential vaccine design for HPV 16, 18, 33, 35, 45, and 11 types. Although there are concerns about the epitope-binding affinities for the peptides identified in this process, the technique indicates possibilities of multivalent, adjuvanted, peptide vaccines against a wider range of HPV types, and tailor-made different combinations of the peptides to address frequency variations of types over different population groups as required for prophylaxis and at lower cost than are in use at the present time.

We briefly review the situations arising out of epidemics that erupt rather suddenly, threatening life and livelihoods of humans. Ebola, Zika and the Nipah virus outbreaks are recent examples where the viral epidemics have led to considerably high degree of fatalities or debilitating consequences. The problems are accentuated by a lack of drugs or vaccines effective against the new and emergent viruses, and the inordinate amount of temporal and financial resources that are required to combat the novel pathogens. Progress in computational, biological and informational sciences have made it possible to consider design of synthetic vaccines that can be rapidly developed and deployed to help stem the damages. In this review, we consider the pros and cons of this new paradigm and suggest a new system where the manufacturing process can be decentralized to provide more targeted vaccines to meet the urgent needs of protection in case of a rampaging epidemic.