Evaluation of affinity sensor response kinetics towards dimeric ligands linked with spacers of different rigidity: Immobilized recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor based synthetic receptor binding with genetically engineered dimeric analyte derivatives

Abstract

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Conducting Polymers in the Design of Biosensors and Biofuel Cells

“…The selection of proper immobilization methods is very important for the development of any kind of biosensor, because the application of suitable immobilization methods ensures appropriate performance of the designed bioanalytical system. However, this feature is especially important during the design of affinity sensors, because only proper orientation of receptors [96] and/or antibodies [97] enables efficient interaction with the analyte. ers 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 19 many different conducting polymers [24].…”

“…The selection of proper immobilization methods is very important for the development of any kind of biosensor, because the application of suitable immobilization methods ensures appropriate performance of the designed bioanalytical system. However, this feature is especially important during the design of affinity sensors, because only proper orientation of receptors [96] and/or antibodies [97] enables efficient interaction with the analyte. Action of immunosensor based on antigens (e.g., virus nucleocapside proteins) immobilized within conducting polymer, polypyrrole, and the formation of the immune complex between immobilized protein (e.g., virus proteins) and antibodies against these proteins, which are present in the dissolved aliquot.…”

Electrochemically Deposited Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensors

“…The action of immunosensors is based on immobilized proteins that recognize analytes, whih are mostly other proteins or polypeptides, and form an immune complex, which induces the measurable signal of a particular signal transducer [ 135 ]. The orientation of immobilized protein molecules is also a key issue during the development of affinity sensors [ 25 , 136 ] because it determines the efficiency of analyte binding to the protein-modified surface [ 136 ]. Therefore, analytical characteristics of affinity sensors can be advanced by the proper orientation of immobilized receptors [ 25 ], whole antibodies [ 137 ], or fragments of chemically-split antibodies [ 136 ].…”

“…The orientation of immobilized protein molecules is also a key issue during the development of affinity sensors [ 25 , 136 ] because it determines the efficiency of analyte binding to the protein-modified surface [ 136 ]. Therefore, analytical characteristics of affinity sensors can be advanced by the proper orientation of immobilized receptors [ 25 ], whole antibodies [ 137 ], or fragments of chemically-split antibodies [ 136 ]. The electrochemical formation of conducting polymers is suitable for the entrapment of proteins in a formed polymer layer [ 26 ].…”

“…The imprinting of polymers by proteins is a promising direction of MIP technology [ 140 , 141 ] ( Figure 3 ) and can replace less stable proteins (such as antibodies [ 26 ] and receptors [ 25 ]), which are used in the design of affinity biosensors. It should be noted that the development of protein imprinted MIPs is a very promising direction of bioanalytical chemistry [ 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 ], some conformational variations of protein structure when protein is entrapped within a polymer [ 146 ], or proper protein orientation within polymers [ 147 ].…”